As has been seen, Mahomet claimed to introduce a wholly new
dispensation, and a maxim of his law is that Islam cancels all that
preceded it, except, indeed, pecuniary debts; it is not certain that
even this exception always held good. Hence his system swept away a
number of practices (chiefly connected with the camel) that were
associated with pagan superstitions. The most celebrated of these is the
arrow-game, a form of gambling for shares in slaughtered camels, to
which poetic allusions are very frequent. More important than this was
his attitude towards the blood-feud, or system of tribal responsibility
for homicide (whether intentional or accidental), whereby one death
regularly led to protracted wars, it being considered dishonourable to
take blood-money (usually in the form of camels) or to be satisfied with
one death in exchange. This system he endeavoured to break down, chiefly
by sinking all earlier tribal distinctions in the new brotherhood of
Islam; but also by limiting the vengeance to be demanded to such as was
no more than the equivalent of the offence committed, and by urging the
acceptance of money-compensation instead, or complete forgiveness of the
offence. The remembrance of pre-Islamic quarrels was visited by him with
condign punishment on those who had embraced Islam; and though it was
long before the tribal system quite broke down, even in the great cities
which rose in the new provinces, and the old state of things seems to
have quickly been resumed in the desert, his legislation on this subject
rendered orderly government among Arabs possible.
Next in importance to this is the abolition of infanticide, which is
condemned even in early Suras of the Koran. The scanty notices which we
have of the practice are not altogether consistent; at times we are told
that it was confined to certain tribes, and consisted in the burying
alive of infant daughters; at other times it is extended to a wider
area, and said to have been carried out on males as well as females.
After the taking of Mecca this prohibition was included among the
conditions of Islam.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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