_Lives of the Prophet_ ([+] indicates that the work is lost); [+]`Urwah b. Zubair (d. 712-713); [+]Musa b. `Ukbah (d. 758-759); [+]Mohammed b. Ishaq (d. 768); Mohammed b. Hisham (d. 828-829), ed. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1860); reprinted in Egypt by Zubair Pasha, a series of excerpts from the last; Mohammed b. Omar al-Waqidi (d. 823), portion published by Kremer (Calcutta, 1855), abridged trans. of a fuller copy by Wellhausen, _Muhammad in Medina_ (Berlin, 1882); Mohammed b. Sa`d (d. 844-845), an encyclopaedic work on the history of Mahomet and his followers, called _Tabaqat_, ed. Sachau and others (Berlin, foll.); Mohammed b. Jarir al-Tabari (see TABARI). Many more writers on this subject are enumerated in the _Fihrist_, cf. Sprenger's _Leben Muhammads_, iii. 54-76. Among the most popular compilers of later times are: Ibn al-Athir (q.v.) al Jazari, the historian (d. 1233); Ahmad b. Ali al Kastalani (d. A.D. 1517), whose _al-Mawahib al-Laduniyyah_ was published with commentary (Cairo, 1278); Hosain b. Mohammed al Diyarbakri (d. 1574) whose work _Ta'rikh al-Khamis_ was published in Cairo, A.H. 1382; `Ali b. Burhan al-din al-Halabi (d. A.D. 1634), whose biography called _Insan al-`uyun_ was published in Cairo, A.H. 1292. To these must be added all the collections of Tradition. _Modern Authorities._--The critical study of the Life of Mahomet begins in Europe with the publication by Th. Gagnier in 1723 of the Life by Abulfeda (q.v.). Presently there appeared an apologetic biography by Henri Cmte. de Boulainvilliers (2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1731), to which Gagnier replied in 1732 (_La Vie de Mahomet, traduite_, &c. ibid.). The next considerable advance in the treatment of the subject is marked by the biography of G. Weil (_Muhammed der Prophet_, Stuttgart, 1843), which is wholly without religious bias; the popular life by Washington Irving (London, 1849) is based on this. That by J. L. Merrick (the _Life and Religion of Mohammed_, Boston, U.S.A., 1850) rests on Shi`ite sources. The search for MSS. in India conducted by A. Sprenger led to the discovery of fresh material, which was utilized by Sprenger himself in his unfinished _Life of Mohammad_ (Pt. 1, Allahabad, 1851), and his more elaborate _Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad_ (Berlin, 1861-1865), and by Sir William Muir in his _Life of Mahomet_, (London, 1858-1861) 4 vols.: afterwards abridged in one volume and reprinted. These are still the standard treatises on the subject; the pro-Christian bias of Muir is very marked, while Sprenger has hazarded numerous conjectures on subjects with which he had little familiarity. The biography by S. W. Koelle, _Mohammed and Mohammedanism_ (London, 1889), is pro-Christian, the popular work of Syed Ameer Ali _The Spirit of Islam_, (London, 1896) an apology for Mahommedanism. Later treatises, resting on original authorities, are those by H.