Grimme _Mohamed_, (Münster, 1892, and Munich, 1904), F. Buhl, _Mohameds Liv_ (Copenhagen, 1903--Danish: since translated into German), D. S. Margoliouth _Mohammed and the Rise of Islam_ (N.Y., 1905, &c.), and Prince Caetani _Annali del Islam_, i. ii. (Milan, 1905-1907). For the direction of public opinion in Mahomet's favour the Lecture on _The Hero as Prophet_ in Carlyle's _Heroes and Hero-worship_ (London, 1846) was singularly effective; his views were enforced by R. Bosworth Smith _Mohammed and Mohammedanism_, (London, 1873, &c.). A somewhat similar line was taken in France by J. Barthélémy Saint-Hilaire, _Mahomet et le Coran_, (Paris, 1865), while the _Vie de Mahomet d'après la Tradition_ of E. Lamairesse and G. Dujarric (Paris, 1897) is written entirely from the Moslem standpoint. See further CALIPHATE, _ad init._; MAHOMMEDAN INSTITUTIONS; MAHOMMEDAN LAW; MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION. (D. S. M.*) FOOTNOTES: [1] * is prefixed to names which figure on occasions which seem to be historical. Female names are in italics. [2] Dates are given A.D. MAHOMMED AHMED IBN SEYYID ABDULLAH (1848-1885), Sudanese tyrant, known as "the Mahdi," was born in Dongola. His family, known as excellent boat-builders, claimed to be _Ashraf_ (or _Sherifs_), i.e. descendants of Mahomet. His father was a _fiki_ or religious teacher, and Mahommed Ahmed devoted himself early to religious studies. When about twenty years old he went to live on Abba Island on the White Nile about 150 m. above Khartum. He first acquired fame by a quarrel with the head of the brotherhood which he had joined, Mahommed asserting that his master condoned transgression of the divine law. After this incident many dervishes (religious mendicants) gathered round the young sheikh, whose reputation for sanctity speedily grew. He travelled secretly through Kordofan, where (with ample justification) he denounced to the villagers the extortion of the tax-gatherer and told of the coming of the mahdi who should deliver them from the oppressor. He also wrote a pamphlet summoning true believers to purify their religion from the defilements of the "Turks" i.e. the Egyptian officials and all non-native inhabitants of the Sudan. The influence he gained at length aroused the anxiety of the authorities, and in May 1881 a certain Abu Saud, a notorious scoundrel, was sent to Abba Island to bring the sheikh to Khartum. Abu Saud's mission failed, and Mahommed Ahmed no longer hesitated to call himself al-Mahdi al Montasir, "The Expected Guide." In August he defeated another force sent to Abba Island to arrest him, but thereafter deemed it prudent to retire to Jebel Gedir, in the Nuba country south of Kordofan, where he was soon at the head of a powerful force; and 6000 Egyptian troops under Yusef Pasha, advancing from Fashoda, were nearly annihilated in June 1882. By the end of 1882 the whole of the Sudan south of Khartum was in rebellion, with the exception