The nominative form of a _tadbhava_ word is derived from the nominative form in Sanskrit and Prakrit, but _tatsama_ words are generally borrowed in the form of the Sanskrit crude base. Thus, Skr. crude base _malin_, nom. sing, _mali_; Pr. nom. _malio_ (_malio_); M. _mali_ (_tadbhava_), a gardener; Skr. base _mati_-; nom. _matis_; M. _mati_ (_tatsama_). Some _tatsamas_ are, however, borrowed in the nominative form, as in Skr. _dhanin_, nom. _dhani_; M. _dhani_, a rich man. In Prakrit the nominative singular of many masculine _tatsamas_ ended in _o_. In the Apabhramsa stage this _o_ was weakened to _u_, and in modern Marathi, under the general rule, this final short _u_ was dropped, the noun thus reverting as stated above to the form of the Sanskrit crude base. But in old Marathi, the short u was still retained. Thus, the Sanskrit _isvaras_, lord, became, as a Prakrit _tatsama_, _isvaro_, which in Apabhramsa took the form _isvaru_. The old Marathi form was also _isvaru_, but in modern Marathi we have _isvar_. _Tadbhavas_ derived from Sanskrit bases in _a_ are treated very similarly, the termination being dropped in the modern language. Thus, Skr. nom. masc. _karnas_, Pr. _kanno_, M. _kan_; Skr. nom. sing. fem. _khatva_, Pr. _khatta_, M. _khat_, a bed; Skr. nom. sing. neut. _grham_, Pr. _gharam_, M. _ghar_, a house. Sometimes the Skr. nom. sing. fem. of these nouns ends in _i_, but this makes no difference, as in Skr. and Pr. _culli_, M. _cul_, a fireplace. There is one important set of exceptions to this rule. In the article PRAKRIT attention is drawn to the frequent use of pleonastic suffixes, especially of -(a)_ka_- (masc. and neut.), -(i)_ka_(fem.). This could in Sanskrit be added to any noun, whatever the termination of the base might be. In Prakrit the _k_ of this suffix, being medial, was elided, so that we get forms like Skr. nom. sing. masc. _ghota-kas_, Pr. ghoda-o, M. ghoda, a horse; Skr. nom. sing. fem. ghoti-ka, Pr. _ghodi-a_, M. _ghodi_, a mare; Skr. _ghota-kam_, Pr. _ghoda-(y)am_, M. _ghode_, a horse (without distinction of sex). Such modern forms made with this pleonastic suffix, and ending in _a_, _i_ or _e_ are called "strong forms," while all those made without it are called "weak forms." As a rule the fact that a noun is in a weak or a strong form does not affect its meaning, but sometimes the use of a masculine strong form indicates clumsiness or hugeness. Thus _bhakar_ (weak form) means "bread," while _bhak^ara_ (strong form) means "a huge loaf of bread." The other pleonastic suffixes mentioned under PRAKRIT are also employed in Marathi, but usually with specific senses. Thus the suffix -_illa_- generally forms adjectives, while -_da-ka_- (in M. -_da_, fem. -_di_, neut. -_de_) implies contempt.