+---+---------------------+---------------------+ | | Present, I am. | Past, I was (masc). | | +-----------+---------+-----------+---------+ | | Singular. | Plural. | Singular. | Plural. | | +-----------+---------+-----------+---------+ | 1 | ahe | ahe | hoto | hoto | | 2 | ahes | aha | hotas  | hota | | 3 | ahe | ahet | hota | hote | +---+-----------+---------+-----------+---------+ The past changes for gender, but the present is immutable in this respect. _Ahe_ is usually considered to be a descendant of the Sanskrit _asmi_, I am,[8] while _hoto_ is derived from the Pr. _homtao_, the present participle of what corresponds to the Skr. root _bhu_, become. A potential passive and a causal are formed by adding _av_ to the root of a simple verb. The former follows the first, or intransitive, and the latter the second or transitive conjugation. The potential passive of a neuter verb is necessarily construed impersonally. The causal verb denotes indirect agency; thus, _kar^ane_, to do, _karav^ane_, to cause a person to do; _tyacya-kadun mya te karavile_, I caused him to do that, literally, by-means-of-him by-me that was-caused-to-be-done. The potential, being passive, has the subject in the dative (cf. Latin _mihi est ludendum_) or in the instrumental of the genitive, as in _mala_ (dative), or _majhyane_ (instr. of _madzha_, of me), _uth^avate_, I can rise, literally, for-me, or by-my-(action), rising-can-be-done. So, _Ramala_, or _Ramacyane_, _pothi vac^avali_, Ram could read a book (by R. a book could be read). Several verbs are irregular. These must be learnt from the grammars. Here we may mention _hone_, to become, past participle _dzhala_; _yene_, to come, past participle _ala_; and _dzane_, to go, past participle _gela_. There are also numerous compound verbs. One of these, making a passive, is formed by conjugating the verb _dzane_, to go, with the past participle of the principal verb. Thus, _marila dzato_, he is being killed, literally, he goes killed.