Our little map (fig. 12) is taken from a copy of Beatus' work made in 1203, and preserved at Burgo de Osma in Castille. Similar maps illustrating the _Commentaries_ exist at St Sever (1050), Paris (1203), and Tunis; others are rectangular, the oldest being in Lord Ashburnham's library (970). Beatus, too, describes the southern land as _inhabitabilis_. The habitable world is divided among the twelve apostles, whose portraits are given. On the maps illustrating the encyclopaedic _Liber floridus_ by Lambert, a canon of St Omer (1120), this south land "unknown to the sons of Adam," is stated to be inhabited "according to the philosophers" by Antipodes. Lambert, indeed, seems to have believed in the sphericity of the earth. Fig. 13 shows his map of the world reduced from a MS. at Wolfenbüttel, to which is added a diagram of the zones from a MS. at Ghent, which illustrates Macrobius' commentary on Cicero's _Somnium Scipionis_. Diagrams illustrating the division of the world into climata, are to be found in the _opus majus_ of Roger Bacon (d. 1294) and in Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly's _De imagine Mundi_ (1410). [Illustration: FIG. 13.] Among countries represented on a larger scale on maps, Palestine not unnaturally occupies a prominent place in this age of pilgrimages and crusades (1095-1291). The maps which accompany St Jerome's translation of the _Onomasticon_ of St Eusebius (388). The same subject is illustrated by a picture-map in mosaic, portions of which were discovered in 1896 on the floor of the church of Madaba to the east of the Dead Sea. This is the oldest original of a map in existence, for it dates back to the 6th century. Among more recent maps of Palestine, that by Petrus Vesconte (1320) is greatly superior to the earlier maps. It illustrates Marino Sanuto's _Secreta fidelium crucis_, in which its author vainly appeals to Christendom to undertake another crusade. One of the earliest plans of Jerusalem is contained in _Gesta Francorum_, a history of the Crusades up to 1106, based upon information furnished by Fulcherius of Chartres (c. 1109). [Illustration: FIG. 14.--Matthew of Paris (1236-1259).] There existed, no doubt, special maps of European countries, but the only documents of that description are two maps of Great Britain, the one of the 12th century, the other by Matthew of Paris, the famous historiographer of the monastery of St Albans (1236-1259).[20] Celestial globes were known in the time of Bede; they formed part of the educational apparatus of the monastic schools. Gerbert of Aurillac is known to have made such globes (929). Their manufacture is described by Alphonso the Wise (1252), as also in _De sphaera solida_ of G. Campanus of Novara (1303). Terrestrial globes, however, are not referred to.