Germany since the middle of the 19th century has become the headquarters of scientific cartography. This is due as much to the inspiriting teachings of Ritter and Humboldt as to the general culture and scientific training combined with technical skill commanded by the men who more especially devote themselves to this branch of geography, which elsewhere is too frequently allowed to fall into the hands of mere mechanics. Men like H. Berghaus (1797-1884), H. Kiepert (1818-1899), and A. Petermann (1822-1878) must always occupy a foremost place in the history of cartography. Among the geographical establishments of Germany, that founded by Justus Perthes (1785), at Gotha, occupies the highest rank. Among its publications are A. Stieler's _Hand-Atlas_ (1817-1832), K. von Spruner's _Historical Atlas_ (1438-1488), H. Berghaus' _Physical Atlas_ (1838-1842), E. von Sydow's _Wall Maps for Schools_ (1838-1840) and _School Atlas_ (1847). The titles of these atlases survive, though the authors of the original editions are long dead, and the maps have been repeatedly superseded by others bringing the information up to the date of publication. To the same firm we are indebted for Petermann's _Mitteilungen_, started in 1855 by A. Petermann, after whose death in 1902 they were successively edited by E. Behm, A. Supan and P. Langhans, as also the _Geographisches Jahrbuch_ (since 1866), at first edited by E. Behm, afterwards by Professor H. Wagner. Among other geographical institutes in Germany which deserve mention are the Weimar Institut, founded in 1791 by F. J. Bertuch, and directed in 1845-1852 by H. Kiepert; Paul Fleming at Glogau (K. Sohr's Handatlas, 1845), A. Ravenstein at Frankfort, D. Reimer at Berlin (H. Kiepert, _Handatlas_, 1860); R. Andree (_Hand-Atlas_, 1880), and E. Debes (_Hand-Atlas_, 1894) in Leipzig, and E. Hölzer in Vienna (Vincenz von Haardt's maps). France is represented by the publishing firms of Ch. Delagrave (Levaseur's maps), Hachette (Vivien de St Martin's _Atlas universel_, in progress since 1875, F. Schrader's _Atlas de géographie moderne_, 1880), and Armand Colin (Vidal de la Blache's _Atlas général_, 1894). In Great Britain A. Arrowsmith established himself in London in 1770 (_General Atlas_, 1817), but the cartographical business ceased on the death of John Arrowsmith in 1873. John Walker, to whose initiative the charts published by the admiralty are indebted for the perspicuous, firm and yet artistic execution, which facilitate their use by the mariner, was also the author of the maps published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1820-1840). Among more recent firms are W. and A. K. Johnston (founded 1825; _Royal Atlas_, 1855); J. Bartholomew & Co., now carried on by J. G. Bartholomew (Reduced Survey maps, _Atlas of the World's Commerce_, 1906); Philip & Sons (_Imperial Atlas_, 1890; _Systematic Atlas_ by E. G. Ravenstein, 1894; _Mercantile Marine Atlas_, 1904, globes), and E. Stanford (_London Atlas_).