[76] The first of these is described in the _American Machinist_ of March 13, 1902, p. 369. [77] “Memoir,” p. 588. [78] _Ibid._, p. 597-598. The latter part of Bodmer’s life was spent in and near Vienna, working on engines and boilers, beet sugar machinery and ordnance; and at Zurich, where he died in 1864, in his seventy-ninth year. Bodmer does not seem to have originated any new types of machine tools, with the exception of the vertical boring-mill, which he clearly describes, terming it a “circular planer.” It was little used in England, and has been considered an American development. It is hard now to determine how far Bodmer has influenced tool design. It was much, anyway. Speaking of the patent just referred to, John Richards, who has himself done so much for tool design, says, “Here was the beginning of the practice that endured.” He has described some of Bodmer’s tools in a series of articles which show a standard of design greatly in advance of the practice of his time.[79] Another writer says of Bodmer, “He seems always to have thoroughly understood the problems he undertook to solve.” “One is lost in admiration at the versatility of the inventive genius which could at any one time--and that so early in the history of machine design--evolve such excellent conceptions of what was needed in so many branches of the mechanics’ art.”[80] [79] _American Machinist_, Vol. XXII, pp. 352, 379, 402, 430, 457, 478, 507, 531, 559, 586, 607, 637. [80] _Ibid._, Vol. XXV, p. 369. Bodmer was elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1835, and his standing among his contemporaries is shown by the fact that thirty-five pages in the “Transactions” of the Institution for 1868 are given to his memoir. For a foreigner to have won respect and distinction in the fields of textile machinery, machine tools and steam engines in England, where all three originated, was surely “carrying coals to Newcastle.” Not only did he succeed in these fields, but he invented the traveling crane, the chain grate for boilers, the Meyer type of cut-off valve gear, the rolling of locomotive tires, and introduced the system of diametral pitch, which was long known as the “Manchester pitch,” from its having originated in his plant at Manchester. Though Bodmer was never regularly engaged in the building of machine tools, his contribution to that field is far too great to be forgotten. CHAPTER VIII JAMES NASMYTH