Of stone buildings, the church tower of Barton-on-Humber (Plate II., Fig. 6) is a good example of Anglo-Saxon work. In it the external angles of the tower and of the door and window openings have their _quoins_ (corner stones) of _“long-and-short” work_, the name applied to Saxon masonry of this kind, in which long stones are placed on end with short stones laid flat, suggesting their origin to be the work of carpenters who would place timbers in such positions, contrasted with that of masons, who would place all stones horizontally or at right-angles to pressure. In this example and the very fine one at Earls Barton, Northamptonshire, this “long-and-short” work is carried over the exterior of the wall as a kind of surface decoration. Plate II., Fig. 3, shows the present-day manner of framing timbers in a partition with _sill_ (s.), posts or _studs_ (p.), lintel (l.), inclined _struts_, and _corbel-blocks_ (c.b.). Saxon timber framing would be on similar lines, and this manner was perpetuated traditionally in their stone walls. The practice of imitating woodwork in stone and vice versa is one to be found in the works of all ages from remote antiquity. The heads of Saxon door and window openings were either semicircular (Plate II., Figs. 7, 8, and 9) or formed by placing two stones inclined to each other thus--ʌ, and a short column or rude baluster was sometimes placed between two windows. [_Note._--The window over the clock face (Plate II., Fig. 6) is an insertion of a later period.] The interesting little church at Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, shows the same manner of building (Plate II., Fig. 1). Anglo-Saxon bell-towers appear to have been generally covered with a roof of the form shown in Plate II., Fig. 5, as at Sompting, Sussex. PLATE III NORMAN, 1066-1189 [Illustration: PLATE III] PLATE III NORMAN, 1066-1189 The Norman period dates from A.D. 1066, though the Norman manner of building had been adopted after the year 1000, when church building was revived after suspension in anticipation of the Millennium, which was expected to bring the end of the world. That dreaded year having safely passed, church building was vigorously revived. Timber construction had led to frequent disaster by fire, and as larger buildings were now required, better construction became imperative. Masonry must supersede carpentry in wall construction, and the necessary skilled labour came from Normandy. The influx of superior talent following the Norman Conquest resulted in great improvement in every department of building. Stately _cathedrals_ were founded, each for the reception of the _cathedra_ or throne of the bishop. Abbeys and monasteries and parish churches for the clergy were built throughout the land, as proved by the existence of Norman work in most parts of the country.