English Economic History: Select Documents — John Shaqi
English Economic History: Select Documents
History
English Economic History: Select Documents
Great Britain -- Economic conditions; Great Britain -- Social conditions
1. Extent of the manor of Havering, 1306-7--2. Extracts from the
Court Rolls of the manor of Bradford, 1349-58--3. Deed illustrating
the distribution of strips, 1397--4. Regulation of the common fields
of Wimeswould, _c._ 1425--5. Lease of a manor to the tenants,
1279--6. Grant of a manor to the customary tenants at fee farm,
_ante_ 1272--7. Lease of manorial holdings, 1339--8. An agreement
between lord and tenants, 1386--9. Complaints against a reeve,
1278--10. An eviction from copyhold land, _temp._ Hen. IV.-Hen.
VI.--11. Statute of Merton, 1235-6--12. An enclosure allowed,
1236-7--13. An enclosure disallowed, 1236-7--14. A villein on ancient
demesne dismissed to his lord's court, 1224--15. Claim to be on
ancient demesne defeated, 1237-8--16. The little writ of right,
1390--17. Villeinage established, 1225--18. Freedom and freehold
established, 1236-7--19. A villein pleads villeinage on one occasion
and denies it on another, 1220--20. An assize allowed to a villein,
1225--21. A freeman holding in villeinage, 1228--22. Land held by
charter recovered from the lord, 1227--23. The manumission of a
villein, 1334--24. Grant of a bondman, 1358--25. Imprisonment of a
gentleman claimed as a bondman, 1447--26. Claim to a villein, _temp._
Hen. IV.-Hen. VI.--27. The effect of the Black Death, 1350--28.
Accounts of the iron-works of South Frith before and after the Black
Death, 1345-50.--29. The Peasants' Revolt, 1381.
The attempt to find an inclusive definition of the manor, true alike for
every century and for all parts of the country, involves a risk of
divorcing the institution from its historical associations, and of
depriving it of its social and economic significance. The typical manor
exists only in theory, actual manors being continuously modified by the
inevitable changes due to the growth of population and commercial
expansion. Such modifications of economic structure proceeded with great
rapidity between the Conquest and the beginning of the fourteenth
century. A comparison of the neat simplicity of the royal manor of
Havering in Domesday Book (Section I., No. 10) with its highly complex
organisation in the time of Edward I. (below, No. 1), reveals an
extraordinary development; the 10 hides, 40 villeins and 40 ploughs of
the one are represented by the 40 virgates of the other, but the
elaborate hierarchy of tenants in the later survey throws into strange
relief the primitive customary nucleus and gives it the appearance
already of an archaic survival. It is reasonable to assume that the
generation which immediately followed the Conquest witnessed a
crystallisation of custom, which preserved untouched for centuries the
lord's demesne and the common fields; while on the other hand the
colonisation of the waste by progressive enclosures slowly altered the
social balance, emphasising the disabilities of the villein class and
widening the gulf between lord and customary tenant.
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