The colours and lines given by Father Petra Sancta are as follows:-- [Illustration: Aurum (Or)] [Illustration: Argentum (Argent)] [Illustration: Puniceum (Gueulles)] [Illustration: Cyaneum (Azur)] [Illustration: Prasinum Viridem (Sinople)] [Illustration: Violaceum (Pourpre)] [Illustration: Nigrum] These are still the commonest colours, but a few more have been added since; they are, however, rarely used. Besides the metals and the colours a few furs are used in heraldry; the two most usual of these are Ermine and Vair. Ermine is white and shows little conventional spots on it, which represent the black tips of the tails of the same animal. [Illustration] Vair is supposed to represent little grey squirrel skins spread out and arranged touching each other. It is coloured blue and white. [Illustration] The others, rarely found, are variations on one or other of these two. Ermines shows white tails on a black ground. Erminois shows black tails on a gold ground. Erminites is the same as Ermine, but each black tail has one outer red hair on each side. Pean shows gold tails on a black ground. Counter Vair has the skins differently arranged. Potent is like Vair, but the skins are differently shaped, like thick T's. Counter Potent has the Potent skins differently arranged. The heraldic lines, dots, and furs should be learnt, as they must be understood and are continually met with in heraldic works of late date. The tincture lines do not show on English Royal book-stamps until the time of George II., and on earlier book-stamps the want of any indication of colour is a great element of doubt in the attribution of coats-of-arms to particular persons, in the absence of assistance from marks outside the shields, coronets, helmets, crests, and the like. An heraldic heiress is a lady whose father is armigerous but leaves no son. In such a case the lady's coat, if she married, would be shown on an escutcheon of Pretence placed in the centre of her husband's coat, and may be shown as a quartering on the coats-of-arms of her children. Marshalling is the manner and method of conjoining divers arms upon one shield according to heraldic precedent and usage; it is an exact process. The marshalling of the many family coats which may be inherited through marriages with heraldic heiresses is often a very elaborate and difficult matter. The rules, however, for such marshalling are well known and logical. A very good summary of this important part of a herald's duty can be found in Mr. A. C. Fox Davies's _Art of Heraldry_, in the chapter on Marshalling. A coat-of-arms is, however, sometimes found with many quarterings which only show the successive alliances, but in such a case the facts should always be stated. In default of such explanation the existence of the proper heraldic heiress rights must always be presumed.