"I found Ireland on her knees. I watched over her with an eternal solicitude. I have traced her progress from injuries to arms, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift, spirit of Molyneux, your genius has prevailed. Ireland is now a nation. In that new character I hail her, and bowing in her august presence, I say, Esto Perpetua."[141] FOOTNOTES: [121] Reg. _v._ O'Connell, p. 533. This observation was made by Mr. (afterwards Chief Justice) Whiteside in his speech in defence of Mr. (now Sir C. Gavan) Duffy, in the State Trials, 1844. [122] "Case of Ireland," p. 105. [123] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vi., p. 448. [124] "Life and Death of the Irish Parliament," p. 89. [125] "Commercial Restraints," pp. 211-213. [126] "Commercial Restraints," re-edited, with sketch of the author's life, introduction, notes, and index, by Rev. W. G. Carroll, M.A. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son. [127] Swift's Works (Scott's Edition), vol. vi., p. 275. [128] _Ibid._, vol. vii., p. 182. [129] "Tracts and Treatises" (Ireland), 2, p. 161. [130] "Life and Death of the Irish Parliament," p. 125. [131] "English in Ireland," ii. 239, 240. [132] The dissentient voice was that of Sir R. Heron, Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant. [133] "Parliamentary Debates," 14, pp. 83-85. [134] 20 Geo, III. (Eng.), cc. 6, 10, 18. [135] "Eighteenth Century," iv. 500, 501. Some commercial concessions which were, however, manifestly insufficient, had been previously granted. See "Eighteenth Century," iv., pp. 429, 430, 451. [136] Edmund Burke on "Irish Affairs," edited by M. Arnold, pp. 129, 130. [137] "English in Ireland," vol. ii., p. 104. [138] "An Argument for Ireland," by J. O'Connell, M.P., p. 171. [139] "An Argument for Ireland," p. 172. [140] "Life and Death of the Irish Parliament," p. 126. [141] Grattan's "Speeches," i. 183. CHAPTER VI. THE COMMERCIAL ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND IRELAND, 1782-1800. The commercial relations between England and Ireland in the interval between 1782 and 1800 should be clearly understood. Ireland had, by the Acts of 1779 and 1780, obtained the freedom of foreign and colonial trade, both of export and of import. By an Act of 1793, she had obtained liberty to re-export foreign and colonial goods from her own shores to England.[142]