English Verse: Specimens Illustrating its Principles and HistoryAlden, Raymond MacDonald
General
English Verse: Specimens Illustrating its Principles and History
Alden, Raymond MacDonald
English language -- Versification; English poetry
For specimens of regular medial cesura, and of variable cesura, in
modern verse, see under the Decasyllabic Couplet and Blank Verse, in
Part Two.
The Cesura is called _masculine_ when it follows an accented syllable.
(For examples, see previous specimen from Gascoigne.) It is called
_feminine_ when it follows an unaccented syllable. Two varieties of the
feminine cesura are also distinguished: the Lyric, when the pause occurs
inside a foot; _e.g._:
"This wicked traitor, whom I thus accuse;"
the Epic, when the pause occurs after an extra (hypermetrical) light
syllable; _e.g._:
"To Canterbury with ful devout corage."
"But how of Cawdor? the thane of Cawdor lives."
The "epic" cesura is quite as characteristic of dramatic blank verse as
of epic.
The pause occurring at the end of a line is equally regular with the
medial pause, and corresponds in the same way to a phrase-pause in
music. It is an element of the same character, then, as the cesura,
though not bearing the same name. It coincides less closely than the
cesura with syntactical and rhetorical pauses. When there is no
corresponding syntactical or rhetorical pause at the end of the line (in
other words, when the metrical pause marking the end of the verse cannot
be prominently represented in reading without interfering with the
expression of the sense), the line is said to be "run-on." Such an
ending is also called _enjambement_. The importance of this distinction
between "end-stopped" and "run-on" lines will appear in the notes on the
Decasyllabic Couplet and Blank Verse, in Part Two.
(_b_) Pauses filling the time of syllables.
A second class of silent time-intervals, or pauses, is to be
distinguished from the cesural pause by the fact that in this case the
time of the pause is counted in the metrical scheme. Pauses of this
class correspond to rests in music; and as in the case of such rests,
their occurrence is exceptional.
Of fustian he wered a gipoun
‸ Al bismotered with his habergeoun.
For him was lever have at his beddes heed
‸ Twenty bokes, clad in blak or reed.
(CHAUCER: Prologue to _Canterbury Tales_, 75 f. and 293 f.)
This omission of the first light syllable is characteristic of Chaucer's
couplet and of Middle English verse generally. (See Schipper, vol. i. p.
462, and ten Brink's _Chaucer's Sprache und Verskunst_, p. 175.) In
modern verse it is not usually permitted.
The time doth pass, ‸ yet shall not my love.
(WYATT: _The joy so short, alas!_)
The omitted syllable following the medial pause is closely parallel to
that at the beginning of the verse.
Stay! ‸ The king hath thrown his warder down.
(_Richard II_, I. iii. 118.)
Kneel thou down, Philip. ‸ But rise more great.
(_King John_, I. i. 161.)
In drops of sorrow. ‸ Sons, kinsmen, thanes.
(_Macbeth_, I. iv. 35.)
Than the soft myrtle. ‸ But man, proud man.
(_Measure for Measure_, II. ii. 117.)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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