The stanza, or strophe, is the largest unit of verse-measure ordinarily recognized. It is based not so much on rhythmical divisions as on periods either rhetorical or melodic; that is, a short stanza will roughly correspond to the period of a sentence, and a long one to that of a paragraph, while in lyrical verse the original idea was to conform the stanza to the melody for which it was written. Thus Schipper observes: "The word strophe properly signifies a _turning_, and originally indicated the return of the song, as sung, to the melody with which it began." Schipper defines a stanza as a group of verses of a certain number, so combined that all the stanzas of the same poem will be identical in the number, the length, and the metre of the corresponding verses; in rimed verse, also, the arrangement of the rimes will be identical. (See _Grundriss_, p. 268.) The form of a stanza, then, is determined and described (the fundamental metre being assumed) by the number of verses, the length of verses, and the arrangement of rimes. The usual and convenient method of indicating these conditions is to represent all the verses that rime together by the same letter, while the number of feet in the verse is written like an algebraic exponent. Thus a quatrain in "common metre" (four-stress and three-stress lines), riming alternately, is represented by the formula _a^{4}b^{3}a^{4}b^{3}_. * * * * * The appearance of the stanza in English verse is always the sign of foreign influence. The West Germanic verse, as far back as we have specimens of it, is uniformly _stichic_ (that is, marked by no periods save those of the individual verse), not _stanzaic_.[8] On the other hand, we find the stanza in the Old Norse verse. Sievers's view is that originally the two sorts of verse existed side by side, the stanzaic being preferred for chorus delivery, the stichic for individual recitation; one form at length crowding out the other. The great organizer of the stanza is, of course, the element of rime. While unrimed stanzas are familiar in classical verse, the two innovations, rime and stanza, were introduced together into English verse, under both Latin and French influences, and have almost invariably been associated. For notes on the history of the beginnings of stanza-forms in English, see therefore under Rime, in the following section. TERCETS Truth may seem, but cannot be; Beauty brag, but 'tis not she; Truth and beauty buried be. (SHAKSPERE: _The Phœnix and the Turtle._ 1601.) O praise the Lord, his wonders tell, Whose mercy shines in Israel, At length redeem'd from sin and hell. (GEORGE SANDYS: _Paraphrase upon Luke i._ ab. 1630.) Love, making all things else his foes, Like a fierce torrent overflows Whatever doth his course oppose. (SIR JNO. DENHAM: _Against Love._ ab. 1640.)