Epic and Romance: Essays on Medieval LiteratureKer, W. P. (William Paton)
History
Epic and Romance: Essays on Medieval Literature
Ker, W. P. (William Paton)
Epic poetry -- History and criticism; Literature, Medieval -- History and criticism; Romances -- History and criticism
The whole story, with the exception of the original grievance or
grudge of the Frisian king, which is not explained, and the first
battle, which is taken as understood, is given in _Beowulf_ as the
contents of one poem, delivered in one evening by a harper. It is more
complicated than the story of _Hildebrand_, more even than _Waldere_;
and more than either of the two chief sections of _Beowulf_ taken
singly--"Beowulf in Denmark" and the "Fight with the Dragon." It is
far less than the plot of the long _Lay of Brynhild_, in which the
whole Niblung history is contained. In its distribution of the action,
it corresponds very closely to the story of the death of the Niblungs
as given by the _Atlakviða_ and the _Atlamál_. The discrepancies
between these latter poems need not be taken into account here. In
each of them and in the _Finnesburh_ story there is a double climax;
first the wrong, then the vengeance. _Finnesburh_ might also be
compared, as far as the arrangement goes, with the _Song of Roland_;
the first part gives the treacherous attack and the death of the hero;
then comes a pause between the two centres of interest, followed in
the second part by expiation of the wrong.
The story of _Finnesburh_ is obscure in many respects; the tradition
of it has failed to preserve the motive for Finn's attack on his
wife's brother, without which the story loses half its value.
Something remains, nevertheless, and it is possible to recognise in
this episode a greater regard for unity and symmetry of narrative than
is to be found in _Beowulf_ taken as a whole.
The Lambeth poem of _Finnesburh_ most probably confined itself to the
battle in the hall. There is no absolute proof of this, apart from the
intensity of its tone, in the extant fragment, which would agree best
with a short story limited, like _Hildebrand_, to one adventure. It
has all the appearance of a short lay, a single episode. Such a poem
might end with the truce of Finn and Hengest, and an anticipation of
the Danes' vengeance:
It is marvel an the red blood run not, as the rain does in
the street.
Yet the stress of this adventure is not greater than that of Roland,
which does not end at Roncesvalles; it may be that the _Finnesburh_
poem went on to some of the later events, as told in the _Finnesburh_
abridgment in _Beowulf_.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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