_White troops._ _Coloured troops._ Wounds, &c. 36,688 1,427 Suicide, murder, execution 549 78 Diseases 128,937 27,499 Uncertain 449 ? ——————— —————— Total 166,623 29,004 Typhoid fever demanded the largest number of victims; in the first two years of the war it appeared in the form of murderous epidemics in the Northern army, mostly in the Atlantic and central districts, and less severely in the region of the great ocean. If the common continued fevers, the typho-malarial fevers, and typhus fever, are combined with the typhoid fevers and looked upon as typhoid fever, there died from this cause in the Northern army during the entire war 32,112 white troops and 3,689 coloured troops. In considering these figures, we must remember that, as stated above, they are incomplete. On this basis, out of every 1,000 men there succumbed to typhoid fever:[213] _White troops._ _Coloured troops._ 1861–2 20·75 1862–3 18·24 1863–4 8·52 28·50 1864–5 11·45 19·31 1865–6 8·98 11·60 ————— ————— Average 13·58 19·8 As in the case of typhoid fever, so also in the case of other diseases, the coloured troops suffered the heaviest losses, probably because the food and shelter they received were not so good, and perhaps also because they had less understanding of the sanitary measures that were ordered. Among the Confederate prisoners that were brought north, about 40,875 in number, 18·4 out of every 1,000 succumbed to typhoid fever.[214] Regarding the appearance of typhus fever in the American Civil War, views diverge. Since only a relatively small number of cases of that disease are recorded, it is probable that those cases were wrongly diagnosed, since typhus fever is so highly contagious. In the health-reports of the Northern States, in which the word typhus, as in England and France, means typhus fever, we find the following figures relating to the disease: _No. that contracted it._ _No. that succumbed to it._ White troops 2,501 850 Coloured troops 123 108