But there are very few case-histories and absolutely no post-mortem reports available from which one can draw a positive conclusion. Laveran doubts the occurrence of typhus fever.[215] According to Niedner, on the other hand, typhus fever prevailed among the Northern prisoners in the terribly neglected prisons of Salisbury, North Carolina, and probably, too, in other places.[216] It is to be surmised that the increased number of typhus fever patients in New York and Philadelphia, &c., which Hirsch adduces in accordance with the statements of da Costa and Corse, was connected with the epidemic among the prisoners.[217] According to Corse, the number of deaths due to typhus fever in Philadelphia was 37 in the year 1862, 131 in 1863, and 335 in 1864. Unusually prevalent were diarrhoea and dysentery, so that, notwithstanding their relatively mild character, they caused a large number of deaths. The cases of cholera reported were not Asiatic cholera, but a local form of the disease. In the Northern army the following figures indicate the number of deaths due to acute and chronic dysentery and diarrhoea: WHITE TROOPS. COLOURED TROOPS. _Dysentery._ _Diarrhoea._ _Dysentery._ _Diarrhoea._ _A- _Chron- _A- _Chron- _A- _Chron- _A- _Chron- cute._ ic._ cute._ ic._ cute._ ic._ cute._ ic._ June 1861 3 1 1861–2 338 136 230 501 1862–3 967 1,090 941 7,556 1863–4 1,242 931 620 7,868 496 220 503 784 1864–5 1,248 919 973 10,600 584 255 608 1,788 1865–6 286 152 159 1,033 412 151 257 706 ————— ————— ————— —————— ————— ——— ————— ————— 1861–6 4,084 3,229 2,923 27,558 1,492 626 1,368 3,278 Out of every 1,000 men there succumbed to dysentery and diarrhoea together:[218] _White troops._ _Coloured troops._ 1861–2 4·17 1862–3 15·99 1863–4 15·78 43·54 1864–5 21·29 36·29 1865–6 16·00 26·97 Small-pox raged very extensively during the American Civil War; the coloured troops manifested much more susceptibility to it than the white. The dissemination of the disease was helped along by the fact that vaccination, which had been neglected on account of the hasty mobilization, could not be attended to as rapidly as was desirable. Measles also broke out in both armies in the form of widespread epidemics. All told, 67,763 white troops and 8,555 coloured troops contracted the disease, while 4,246 of the former and 931 of the latter succumbed to it. Out of every 1,000 men there succumbed:[219]