_Year._ _Typhoid Fever._ _Small-pox._ _Dysentery._ 1860 937 334 441 1861 989 33 532 1862 1,135 40 479 1863 1,442 42 1,156 1864 1,344 242 1,186 1865 1,694 221 1,548 1866 1,091 141 949 1867 965 196 658 4. THE ITALIAN WAR OF 1859[225] The Italian War of 1859, which the French and Piedmontese together waged against Austria in Upper Italy, was not attended by any severe pestilences, probably because it was terminated in a comparatively short time, and the number of troops engaged was not very large. To be sure, typhoid fever and dysentery carried away many men on both sides, while an unusually large number of soldiers contracted malaria. Those fevers which were called ‘Fièvres rémittentes épidémiques d’Italie’, and which, notwithstanding their frequent occurrence, caused only a few deaths, according to Niedner were for the most part malaria, and not relapsing fever. The Austrian army seems to have lost more men in consequence of pestilences than the French army. Regarding the spreading of the pestilences on a large scale from the armies to the civil population we have no information. 5. THE DANISH WAR OF 1864 In the war of 1864, which Austria and Prussia waged against Denmark, no epidemics of wide extent occurred. ‘The small number of men engaged,’ says Knaak,[226] ‘the not particularly unfavourable external conditions, the constant communication between the fighting armies and their home-countries, and the non-appearance of large epidemics, all helped to render the health-conditions of the war favourable.’ The total loss sustained by the Prussian army, which reached a maximum size of 63,500 men, amounted to 1,048 men; of these 738 died in battle, in consequence of wounds, &c., 310 succumbed to diseases, 193 of the latter to typhoid fever. Statements regarding the number of deaths in the Austrian army, which amounted to 25,000 men, are not available. The Danish army, which numbered 54,000 men, lost 1,446 in consequence of wounds, &c., and 820 in consequence of diseases.[227] 6. THE GERMAN WAR OF 1866