Vienna, small-pox epidemic 1872, 277. Vilna, typhus fever 1812, 117. Virchow, 115. Viry, 196. Vogt, 271. Volz, 186, 194, 262. Wahl, 247. Wallenstein, 27, 50. War Pestilence, use of term, 4. Warsaw, typhus epidemic 1812, 119. Weber, 143. Weichselbaum, 185. Wendt, 123. Westergaard, H., 1. Wilbrandt, 94, 136. Wilken, 14, 15. Wittmann, 316–19. Woillez, 207. Wolf, 119. Wunderlich, 251, 252, 270. Württemberg, pestilence 1634, 63; typhus epidemic 1813, 150 f. Yellow fever, Spain 1810, 101. Zenzen, 318. Zurich, small-pox epidemic 1871, 272. GENERAL APPENDIX PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY The Conference which met at Berne in 1911, under the auspices of the Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, appointed three Commissions to draft the questions and problems to be dealt with by competent authorities in all countries. The first Commission was entrusted with _The Economic and Historical Causes and Effects of War_; the second with _Armaments in Time of Peace_; the third with _The Unifying Influences in International Life_. Subsequently the suggestions of the three Commissions were considered and approved by the entire Conference. The questions are to be discussed scientifically, and as far as possible without prejudice either for or against war; and their discussion may have such important consequences that the questions are presented below _in extenso_. Report of the First Commission THE ECONOMIC AND HISTORICAL CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WAR The Conference recommends the following researches: 1. Historical presentation of the causes of war in modern times, tracing especially the influence exercised by the striving for greater political power, by the growth of the national idea, by the political aspirations of races and by economic interests. 2. Conflicts of economic interests in the present age: (_a_) The influence of the growth of population and of the industrial development upon the expansion of States. (_b_) The protectionist policy; its origin and basis; its method of application and its influence upon the relations between countries; bounties (open and disguised, public and private); most-favoured-nation treatment; the attitude towards foreign goods and foreign capital; the boycott; discouragement of foreign immigration. (_c_) International loans; the policy of guarantees; the relations of the creditor to the debtor States; the use of loans for gaining influence over other States. (_d_) Rivalry among States with respect to capitalist investments in foreign countries: