Again, at another discussion at the Academy, M. Verneuil says: ‘It is incorrect to say that laboratory experiments give certainty to medicine, and make it scientific instead of empirical. The fact is that experimentation has put forth as many errors as truths. There is not sufficient identity, either physiologic or pathologic, between man and the mammifères such as the dog and the rabbit.’ The different ways of dying under chloroform have been long ago stated by surgeons. The experiments shown by M. Laborde on the rabbit must be absolutely rejected, as contrary to experience (in man). Maurice Perrin showed to Vulpian in 1882 that the nervous reactions in man differ from those in animals, and the effects produced by chloroformization could not be relied on as being the same as on man. Vulpian entirely accepted this. The experiments of physiologists have taught us absolutely nothing in the way of preventing chloroform accidents; surgeons have been beforehand (as was natural) in practising artificial respiration and every other method of recovery. However interesting these experiments on animals may be considered, they do not explain satisfactorily the cause of chloroform accidents in man, and in no way show the way of avoiding them. I could multiply these facts by indefinite quotations from experienced physicians, of the intellectual uselessness of a method of research which ignores the spiritual essence of Life and hopes to surprise its secrets by ruthless prying into the physical structure of the lower animals. We are learning that vivisection is examination of the beginning of death, not of life. Loss of blood is a loss of nutriment; the result is muscular debility and enfeeblement of the vital organs, and the introduction of a disturbance in the vital processes which ends in their destruction. This method of research is now being discredited by many of the most enlightened members of our Profession. But what I wish especially to call your attention to, is the educational uselessness of vivisection in training students, and the moral danger of hardening their nature and injuring their future usefulness as good physicians.