Thus Sir Charles Cameron, of Dublin, showed the beneficial change wrought by ten years’ sanitary effort in the Dublin slums through rebuilding, draining, cleaning, and free disinfecting. Those wretched quarters were a breeding-ground of human misery in 1871, where small-pox, typhoid fever, and all contagious diseases seemed to be endemic. The annual mortality was reduced in ten years by sanitary measures from 34·11 to 28·80 in the most crowded portions of this wretched quarter; in its less crowded part the mortality had fallen to a much lower figure, notwithstanding the intemperance and destitution which still continued to afflict the inhabitants. In this example it should be especially noted that the goodwill of the people was enlisted, for the municipality laid aside the idea of pecuniary gain on the sum expended in rebuilding, etc., and offered a better lodging at a rent that could be paid, and provided all sanitary appliances free, thus losing, in the sense of money profit, to gain in the far higher value--health. Another remarkable illustration from very large experience was that given by Professor Smith, of Aldershot, who is at the head of the cavalry department of our army. He showed, by most interesting tables, that diseases formally rife amongst horses--glanders, farcy, canker of the foot, etc.--were now practically unknown in the army. This triumphant result was entirely due to careful hygiene, the utmost attention being paid to food, ventilation, drainage of stables, the care of the feet and shoeing, of saddles and harness, and reduction of the burden which the horses were required to carry, to fifteen stone as a fair average. As was justly remarked, there is a limit to the weight that a horse can carry or draw, beyond which is cruelty and injury. Drs. Schrevens and Gibert, from France; Dr. Abbott, of Mass.; Dr. Pagett, of Salford; in discussing diphtheria and typhoid diseases from defective drainage, laid stress upon purity of air and cleanliness of the soil as the chief points for consideration. The same indispensable principle of sanitation was shown in respect to meat and milk used for food. In France 5 per 1,000 of animals used as food are tuberculous, such disease resulting from wrong methods of breeding, feeding, and managing these useful animals. Professor Ralli showed how parasites could be conveyed from animals to men, and dwelt on clean bedding, coverings, suitable food, water, free exercise, as the necessary prophylaxis.