Of all the Zen masters who used to give exclamatory utterance, the most noted ones are Ummon and Rinzai, the former for his “Kwan!” and the latter for his “Kwats!” At the end of one summer sojourn Suigan (Ts‘ui-yen) made the following remark[6.45]: “Since the beginning of this summer sojourn I have talked much; see if my eyebrows are still there.” This refers to the tradition that when a man makes false statements concerning the Dharma of Buddhism he will lose all his hair in the face. As Suigan gave many sermons during the summer for the edification of his pupils, while no amount of talk can ever explain what the truth is, his eye-brows and beard might perhaps by this time have altogether disappeared. This, as far as its literary meaning is concerned, is the idea of his remark whatever Zen may be concealed underneath. Hofuku (Pao-fu), one of the masters, said, “One who turns into a highwayman has a treacherous heart.” Chōkei (Ch‘ang-ch‘ing), another master, remarked, “How thickly they are growing!” Ummon, one of the greatest masters towards the end of the T‘ang dynasty, exclaimed, “Kwan!” _Kwan_ 關 literally means the gate on a frontier pass where travellers and their baggage are inspected. In this case, however, the term does not mean anything of the sort, it is simply “Kwan!” an exclamatory utterance which does not allow any analytical or intellectual interpretation. Seccho, the original compiler of the _Hekigan_, comments on this, “He is like one who, besides losing his money, is incriminated,” while Hakuin has this to say, “Even an angry fist does not strike a smiling face.” Something like this is the only comment we can make on such an utterance as Ummon’s. When we try anything approaching a conceptual interpretation on the subject we shall be “ten thousand miles away beyond the clouds,” as the Chinese would say. While Rinzai is regarded as the author of “Kwats!” 喝 (_hê_), we have an earlier record of it; for Baso, successor to Nangaku (Nan-yüeh), and an epoch-maker in the history of Zen, uttered “Kwats!” to his disciple, Hyakjo (Pai-chang), when the latter came up to the master for a second time to be instructed in Zen. This “Kwats!” is said to have deafened Hyakujo’s ear for the following three days. But it was principally due to Rinzai that this particular cry was most effectively and systematically made use of and later came to be one of the special features of the Rinzai Zen in distinction to the other schools. In fact the cry came to be so abused by his followers that he had to make the following remark[6.46]: “You are all so given up to learning my cry (_hê_), but I want to ask you this: Suppose one man comes out from the eastern hall and another from the western hall, and suppose both give out the ‘Kwats!’ simultaneously; and yet I say to you that subject and predicate are clearly discernible in this. But how will you discern them? If you are unable to discern them, you are forbidden hereafter to imitate my cry.”