Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 1 of 3: Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.Spencer, Herbert
Philosophy
Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 1 of 3: Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.
Spencer, Herbert
Philosophy; Political science; Science
If we thus distinguish between the two sources of heat accompanying
nebular condensation--the heat due to proto-chemical combinations and
that due to the contraction caused by gravitation (both of them,
however, being interpretable as consequent on loss of motion), it may be
inferred that they take different shares during the earlier and during
the later stages of aggregation. It seems probable that while the
diffusion is great and the force of mutual gravitation small, the chief
source of heat is combination of units of matter, simpler than any known
to us, into such units of matter as those we know; while, conversely,
when there has been reached close aggregation, the chief source of heat
is gravitation, with consequent pressure and gradual contraction.
Supposing this to be so, let us ask what may be inferred. If at the time
when the nebulous spheroid from which the Solar System resulted, filled
the orbit of Neptune, it had reached such a degree of density as
enabled those units of matter which compose the sodium molecules to
enter into combination; and if, in conformity with the analogies above
indicated, the heat evolved by this proto-chemical combination was great
compared with the heats evolved by the chemical combinations known to
us; the implication is that the nebulous spheroid, in the course of its
contraction, would have to get rid of a much larger quantity of heat
than it would, did it commence at any ordinary temperature and had only
to lose the heat consequent on contraction. That is to say, in
estimating the past period during which solar emission of heat has been
going on at a high rate, much must depend on the initial temperature
assumed; and this may have been rendered intense by the proto-chemical
changes which took place in early stages.[21]
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