who cherishes the satisfaction he derives from a landscape may increase his susceptibility to enjoyment from poetry and pictures. =The Final Question.=--The final question of happiness, the question which marks off true and right happiness from false and wrong gratification, comes to this: Can there be found ends of action, desirable in themselves, which reënforce and expand not only the motives from which they directly spring, but also the other tendencies and attitudes which are sources of happiness? Can there be found powers whose exercise confirms ends which are stable and weakens and removes objects which occasion only restless, peevish, or transitory satisfaction, and ultimately thwart and stunt the growth of happiness? Harmony, reënforcement, expansion are the signs of a true or moral satisfaction. What is the good which while good in direct enjoyment also brings with it fuller and more continuous life? LITERATURE For pleasure as the object of desire and the psychology of hedonism, see Bain, _Emotions and Will_, Part II., ch. viii.; Rickaby, _Moral Philosophy_, pp. 54-61, and _Aquinas Ethicus_, Vol. I., pp. 104-121; Sidgwick, _Methods of Ethics_, pp. 34-47, and the whole of Book II., and Book III., chs. xiii. and xiv.; Mackenzie, _Manual of Ethics_, Book II., ch. iv.; Muirhead, _Elements of Ethics_, Book III., ch. i.; Gizyeki, _A Student's Manual of Ethical Philosophy_; Green, _Prolegomena to Ethics_, pp. 163-177, 226-240, 374-388; James, _Principles of Psychology_, Vol. II., pp. 549-559; Martineau, _Types of Ethical Theory_, Vol. II., Part II., Book II., Branch iv. For the history of hedonism, see Wallace, _Epicureanism_; Pater, _Marius the Epicurean_; Sidgwick, _History of Ethics_, ch. ii., _passim_ and ch. iv., § 14-17; Hume, _Treatise of Human Nature_, Book III., and the references to Bentham and Mill in the text; Watson, _Hedonistic Theories from Aristippus to Spencer_. For the utilitarian standard, see Lecky, _History of European Morals_, Vol. I., ch. i.; Stephen, _Science of Ethics_, chs. iv. and v.; Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_, Part I.; Höffding, _Ethik_, ch. vii., and _Monist_, Vol. I., p. 529; Paulsen, _System of Ethics_, pp. 222-286, and 404-414; Grote, _Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy_; Wilson and Fowler, _Principles of Morals_, Vol. I., pp. 98-112; Vol. II., pp. 262-273; Green, _Prolegomena_, pp. 240-255, 399-415; Martineau, _Types_, pp. 308-334; Alexander, _Moral Order and Progress_, pp. 204-211; Seth, _Principles of Ethics_, pp. 94-111; Sidgwick, _The Ethics of T. H. Green, Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau_, Lectures I.-IV. of the Criticism of Spencer. Compare the references _sub voce_ Happiness, 899-903, in Rand's _Bibliography_, Vol. III. of Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. FOOTNOTES: [134] Later we shall see reasons for discriminating between happiness and pleasure. But here we accept the standpoint of those who identify them.