For the variability of moral rules, see Locke, _Essay on the Human Understanding_, Book I.; Bain, _Moral Science_, Part I., ch. iii.; Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_, Vol. I., Part II.; Williams, _Review of Evolutional Ethics_, pp. 423-465; Bowne, _Principles of Ethics_, ch. v.; Schurman, _The Ethical Import of Darwinism_; the writings of Westermarck and Hobhouse elsewhere referred to, and Darwin, _Descent of Man_, Part I., chs. iv.-v. For the nature of moral judgment and the function of reason in conduct, see Aristotle, Book III., chs. ii.-iii., and Book VI.; Ladd, _Philosophy of Conduct_, ch. vii.; Sharp, _Essay on Analysis of the Moral Judgment_, in Studies in Philosophy and Psychology (Garman Commemorative Volume); Santayana, _Life of Reason_, Vol. I., chs. x.-xii.; Bryant, _Studies in Character_, Part II., chs. iv.-v. For the social character of conscience, see Cooley, _Human Nature and the Social Order_, ch. x. For sympathy and conscience, see Adam Smith, _Theory of Moral Sentiments_, especially Part III., chs. i. and iv., and Part IV., chs. i.-iii.; Stephen, _Science of Ethics_, pp. 228-238. FOOTNOTES: [158] "Any one can be angry: that is quite easy. Any one can give money away or spend it. But to do these things to the right person, to the right amount, at the right time, with the right aim and in the right manner--this is not what any one can easily do."--ARISTOTLE, _Ethics_, Book II., ch. ix. [159] Compare the sentence quoted on p. 268 from Hazlitt. [160] This means Duty. This phase will be discussed in the next chapter. [161] _Kant's Theory of Ethics_, trans. by Abbott, pp. 47-51. [162] In last analysis Kant is trying to derive moral enlightenment from the most abstract principle of formal logic, the principle of Identity, that A is A! [163] A student in an ethics class once made this remark: "Conscience is infallible, but we should not always follow it. Sometimes we should use our reason." [164] Compare Locke, _Essay on the Human Understanding_, Book I., ch. iii. [165] Of course, the word "rule" is often used to designate a principle--as in the case of the phrase "golden-rule." We are speaking not of the words, but of their underlying ideas. CHAPTER XVII THE PLACE OF DUTY IN THE MORAL LIFE: SUBJECTION TO AUTHORITY