[8] The fact that primitive man is at once an individual and a member of a group--that he has as it were two personalities or selves, an individual self and a clan-self, or "tribal-self," as Clifford called it,--is not merely a psychologist's way of stating things. The Kafir people, according to their most recent student, Mr. Dudley Kidd, have two distinct words to express these two selves. They call one the _idhlozi_ and other the _itongo_. "The _idhlozi_ is the individual and personal spirit born with each child--something fresh and unique which is never shared with any one else--while the _itongo_ is the ancestral and corporate spirit which is not personal but tribal, or a thing of the clan, the possession of which is obtained not by birth but by certain initiatory rites. The _idhlozi_ is personal and inalienable, for it is wrapped up with the man's personality, and at death it lives near the grave, or goes into the snake or totem of the clan; but the _itongo_ is of the clan, and haunts the living-hut; at death it returns to the tribal _amatongo_ (ancestral spirits). A man's share in this clan-spirit (_itongo_) is lost when he becomes a Christian, or when he is in any way unfaithful to the interests of the clan, but a man never loses his _idhlozi_ any more than he ever loses his individuality."--_Savage Childhood_, pp. 14 f. [9] Hearn, _The Aryan Household_, p. 212. [10] MacLennan, _Studies in Ancient History_, p. 381. [11] Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, p. 23. [12] Cited from the Gwentian Code. Seebohm, _The Tribal System in Wales_, p. 104. [13] E.g., certain joint responsibilities of husband and wife. [14] Seebohm, _The Tribal System in Wales_, pp. 103 f. [15] "From the earliest times, religion, as distinct from magic or sorcery, addresses itself to kindred and friendly beings, who may indeed be angry with their people for a time, but are always placable except to the enemies of their worshippers or to renegade members of the community. It is not with a vague fear of unknown powers, but with a loving reverence for known gods who are knit to their worshippers by strong bonds of kinship, that religion in the only true sense of the word begins."--ROBERTSON SMITH, _Religion of the Semites_, p. 54. [16] Schurtz, _Altersklassen und Männerbünde_. [17] _Oedipus at Colonus_, vv. 186 f. [18] Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, pp. 74 f. CHAPTER III THE RATIONALIZING AND SOCIALIZING AGENCIES IN EARLY SOCIETY § 1. THREE LEVELS OF CONDUCT