Bagehot, _Physics and Politics_, 1890; Bücher, _Industrial Evolution_, Eng. tr., 1901, _Arbeit und Rythmus_, 3rd ed., 1901; Schurtz, _Urgeschichte der Kultur_, 1900; Fiske, _Cosmic Philosophy_, Vol. II., _The Cosmic Roots of Love and Self-sacrifice_ in Through Nature to God, 1899; Dewey, _Interpretation of the Savage Mind_, Psychological Review, Vol. IX., 1892, pp. 217-230; Durkheim, _De la Division du Travail Social_, 1893; P. Kropotkin, _Mutual Aid, a Factor in Evolution_, 1902; ROSS, _Foundations of Society_, 1905, Chap. VII.; Baldwin, Article _Socionomic Forces_ in his Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology; Giddings, _Inductive Sociology_, 1901; Small, _General Sociology_, 1906; Tarde, _Les Lois de l'Imitation_, 1895; W. I. Thomas, _Sex and Society_, 1907, pp. 55-172; Gummere, _The Beginnings of Poetry_, 1901; Hirn, _The Origin of Art_, 1900. FOOTNOTES: [19] P. Kropotkin, _Mutual Aid a Factor in Evolution_; Bagehot, _Physics and Politics_. [20] Eastman, _Indian Boyhood_. [21] _The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct_, Chs. II.-V. [22] _Ibid._, p. 99. CHAPTER IV GROUP MORALITY--CUSTOMS OR MORES We have seen how the natural forces of instinct lead to activities which elevate men and knit them together. We consider next the means which society uses for these purposes, and the kind of conduct which goes along with the early forms of society's agencies. The organization of early society is that of group life, and so far as the individual is merged in the group the type of conduct may be called "group morality." Inasmuch as the agencies by which the group controls its members are largely those of custom, the morality may be called also "customary morality." Such conduct is what we called at the opening of the previous chapter "the second level." It is "ethical" or "moral" in the sense of conforming to the _ethos_ or _mores_ of the group. § 1. MEANING, AUTHORITY, AND ORIGIN OF CUSTOMS