Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition: Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1892, pages 3-442Murdoch, John
History
Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition: Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1892, pages 3-442
Murdoch, John
Eskimos -- Alaska -- Barrow, Point, Region
All of the Eskimo race, as far as I have any definite information, use
toggle harpoon-heads. There are specimens in the National Museum from
Greenland, Cumberland Gulf, the Anderson and Mackenzie region, and
from the Alaskan coast from Point Barrow to Kadiak, as well as from
St. Lawrence Island, which are all of essentially the same type, but
slightly modified in different localities. The harpoon head in use at
Smith Sound is of the same form as the walrus harpoon heads used at
Point Barrow, but appears always to have the shaft socket made by a
groove closed with thongs.[N331] In Danish Greenland, however, the
body has an extra pair of bilateral barbs below the blade. The
Greenlanders have, as it were, substituted a metal blade for the point
only of the barbed blade portion of such a bone head as No. 89379
[795].[N332]
[Footnote N331: Kane, 2d Grinnell Exp., vol. 1, pp. 412 and 413
(Fig. 1), and Bessells, Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 869, Figs.
6-12.]
[Footnote N332: Crantz, vol. 1, p. 146, and Pl. V, Figs. 1 and 2,
and Rink Tales, etc., Pl. opposite p. 10.]
Curiously enough, this form of the toggle head appears again in the
Mackenzie and Anderson region, as shown by the extensive collections
of Ross, MacFarlane, and others. In this region the metal blade itself
is often cut into one or more pairs of bilateral barbs. At the Straits
of Fury and Hecla, Parry found the harpoon head, with a body like the
walrus harpoon heads at Point Barrow,[N333] but with the blade _in the
plane_ of the body barb. Most of the pictures scattered through the
work represent the blade in this position, but Fig. 19 on the same
plate has the blade at right angles to the barb, so that the older
form may not be universal. At Cumberland Gulf the form of the body is
considerably modified, though the blade is of the usual shape and in
the ordinary position. The body is flattened at right angles to the
usual direction, so that the thickness is much greater than the width.
It always has two body barbs. On the western coast the harpoon heads
are much less modified, though there is a tendency to increase the
number of body barbs, at the same time ornamenting the body more
elaborately as we go south from Bering Strait. Walrus harpoon heads
with a single barb, hardly distinguishable from those used at Point
Barrow, are in the collection from the Diomedes and all along the
northern shore of Norton Sound, and one also from the mouth of the
Kuskoquim. They are probably also used from Point Barrow to Kotzebue
Sound. At St. Lawrence Island and on the Asiatic shore they are the
common if not the universal form.[N334] The seal harpoon head (naulɐ)
at Point Barrow appears always to have the body barb split at the tip
into two, and this is the case rarely with the tu´kɐ. This form, which
appears occasionally north of Norton Sound (Port Clarence, Cape Nome),
appears to be more common south of this locality, where, however,
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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