Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr and The Internet Archive at http://www.archive.org) [Transcriber’s Note: This e-text includes a few characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding: œ (“oe” ligature) ĕ ĭ ŭ (vowel with breve or “short” sign) ē (e with macron or “long” sign) ⅓ (1/3) Except for œ and ĭ, all are rare. The “cents” sign ¢ is used in place of the character ȼ for better font support. If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. Depending on available fonts, some tables may not line up vertically. As a last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. Bold or sans-serif type (rare) is shown =like this=. Except for footnote markers and similar, brackets [ ] are in the original. Corrections and variant spellings are listed at the end of the e-text, along with some details of vocabulary. At the time this article was written, the Ungava district was part of the Northwest Territories. It was transferred to Quebec in 1912. As of spring 2012, Ungava corresponds loosely to the Nunavik administrative division; maps may show either name.] * * * * * * * * * Smithsonian Institution--Bureau Of Ethnology. ETHNOLOGY of the UNGAVA DISTRICT, HUDSON BAY TERRITORY. By LUCIEN M. TURNER. * * * * * * * * * CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 167 Fort Chimo and the surrounding region 167 Climate 172 Auroras 173 Vegetation 173 Animal life 174 Mammals 174 Birds 175 The native inhabitants of the country--general sketch 175 The Eskimo 175 The Indians 181