X. Feudalism and Monasticism 117 XI. The Investiture Question 130 XII. The Early Crusades 143 XIII. The Making of France 159 XIV. Empire and Papacy 176 XV. Learning and Ecclesiastical Organization in the Middle Ages 196 XVI. The Faith of the Middle Ages 207 XVII. France under Two Strong Kings 223 XVIII. The Hundred Years’ War 236 XIX. Spain in the Middle Ages 259 XX. Central and Northern Europe in the Later Middle Ages 276 XXI. Italy in the Later Middle Ages 297 XXII. Part I: The Fall of the Greek Empire 327 Part II: Voyage and Discovery 337 XXIII. The Renaissance 346 Some Authorities on Mediaeval History 365 Chronological Summary, 476-1494 368 Mediaeval Genealogies 375 Index 385 MAPS The Roman Empire in the Time of Constantine the Great 28 The Empire of Charlemagne 80 France in the Reign of Henry II 161 The Treaty of Bretigni 246 France in 1429 254 The Spanish Kingdoms, 1263-1492 260 North-East Europe in the Middle Ages 287 Italy in the Later Middle Ages 298 The Near East in the Middle Ages 328 I THE GREATNESS OF ROME ‘_Ave, Roma Immortalis!_’, ‘_Hail, Immortal Rome!_’ This cry, breaking from the lips of a race that had carried the imperial eagles from the northern shores of Europe to Asia and Africa, was no mere patriotic catchword. It was the expression of a belief that, though humanity must die and personal ambitions fade away, yet Rome herself was eternal and unconquerable, and what was wrought in her name would outlast the ages.