2. =Helvētiōs … Sequanī=: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone. 7. =Britannīs=: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial. 11. =quadringentiēs=: sc. _centēna mīlia sestertium_; about $1,640,000. =Germānōs=: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands that had come over into Gaul. CH. 18. 17. =M. Licinius Crassus=: there was no cause for war against the Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning military renown. 18. =circā Carrās=: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77. PAGE 59. CH. 19. 4. =alterum cōnsulātum=: this he demanded in accordance with the agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was consul for the first time. 5. =aliquā=: cf. _aliquā_, Bk. I, 3. =contrādictum est=: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’ 8. =iniūriam=: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army. =ab Arīminō=: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.’ =mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat=: ‘kept his troops collected.’ CH. 20. 14. =dictātōrem=: with the exception of Sulla there had been no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War. 15. =exercitūs … superāvit=: at first he met with serious reverses at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, and enrolled most of them in his army. 18. =prīmō proeliō=: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria. 20. =nec … superārī=: Indirect Discourse depending on _dīxit_. 22. =Palaeopharsālum=: this battle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia. PAGE 60. CH. 21. 4. =numquam … neque … neque=: “a general negative may be subdivided by _neque … neque_, or _aut … aut_.”