16. =Brundisīnī=: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece. CH. 18. 17. =annō=: sc. _ab urbe conditā_. 18. =extrā Ītaliam=: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still reckoned a part of Gaul.’ 24. =contrā Āfrōs=: _i.e._ Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the supremacy of the West,--known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C. The second 218-202 B.C. and the third 149-146 B.C. It resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III. 26. =rēge Siciliae Hierōne=: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the Carthaginians. PAGE 23. CH. 19. 2. =rēs māgnae=: ‘great operations.’ 3. =in fidem acceptae=: sc. _sunt_; ‘were taken under their protection’; _i.e._ they were made tributary. CH. 20. 11. =Liburnās=: sc. _nāvēs_; these were light vessels built after a model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. 12. =Duilius=: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column was erected to the memory of Duilius. 17. =possent=: cf. _pūgnāsset_, Ch. 8. 19. =inde= ＝ _ex his locis_: ‘from these places.’ 20. =triumphum ēgit=: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’ CH. 21. 23. =pūgnātum=: sc. _est_; ‘they fought.’ =victus est=: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’ 24. =retrō sē recēpit=: cf. _sē recēpit_, Ch. 12. PAGE 24. 1. =in dēditiōnem accēpērunt=: ‘they received in surrender.’ 2. =ūsque ad=: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’ 6. =decem et octō=: cf. _decem et octō_, Bk. I, Ch. 1. 8. =in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Ch. 19. 11. =ā Lacedaemoniīs=: cf. _Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt_, Ch. 11. The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for Sparta. CH. 22. 22. =ingentī praedā=: after a victory a portion of the booty generally was divided among the soldiers. 23. =subācta … fuisset=: cf. _questa fuisset_, Bk. I, 8.