Evolution and Classification of the Pocket Gophers of the Subfamily GeomyinaeRussell, Robert J.
Science
Evolution and Classification of the Pocket Gophers of the Subfamily Geomyinae
Russell, Robert J.
Pocket gophers
In the lower molars, the pattern characteristic of _Dikkomys_ (Fig.
4C) is preserved without significant modification, as illustrated in
an immature specimen of _Geomys_ (see Fig. 5E). The H-pattern and
modified H-pattern are developed in the same sequence of wear in the
Geomyini. A juvenal female (not illustrated), KU 2931, provides an
example of the intermediate H-pattern. In this specimen, the
protolophid and hypolophid of the left m2 are united only at their
mid-points, indicating that the pattern of wear occurs in the same
sequence in the Geomyini as it did in the Miocene genus _Dikkomys_.
After the two columns have become united at their mid-points, a
secondary union is formed at the edge of their protomeres, thus
enclosing the enamel fossette as illustrated in Figure 5E (this is the
modified H-pattern mentioned above). However, the fossette itself is
shallow and soon disappears with slight wear. At this stage, the
occlusal configuration would be in a U-pattern (m1 in Fig. 5E). The
lingual re-entrant fold is also shallow in vertical depth; therefore,
it is obliterated by wear following the eradication of the labial
fossette. Consequently, the two columns are united into one. In m3
(see Figs. 5E, F, and G), the two columns merge by progressive lateral
expansion of the medial isthmus.
In the first and second upper molars, the two columns unite across the
entire surface of their protomeres from near the lingual edge of the
crown to near its center. A minute inner inflection may be temporarily
retained in some teeth. At this stage (see Fig. 5B), the parameres are
still separated by the labial fissure, and the occlusal pattern is in
the shape of a U, resembling, but not exactly duplicating, the
pre-final pattern of Ml and M2 in the genus _Pliosaccomys_ (see Fig.
4H). The labial fissure is shallow, and, with further wear, the
inflection is worn away and the parameres also unite, thereby forming
a monoprimatic crown in the final stage. In M3, the two lophs first
become united near the edge of their protomeres (see Fig. 5B),
therefore forming a U-pattern similar to that developed in Ml and M2
of _Pliosaccomys_. The connection of the two lophs is not directly at
the end of the protomere; consequently a shallow lingual inflection
remains. The lingual edge of the valley is also shallow, and, with
continued wear a second union of the two lophs takes place near the
ends of their parameres, and the deeper, interior part of the valley
remains as an isolated enamel fossette (see Fig. 5C). The two primary
lophs of the tooth are now joined near both sides, having shallow
lingual and labial re-entrant angles on the sides and the enamel
island in the center. With continued effacement of the occlusal
surface, the fossette will be eradicated, and the pattern of the
occlusal surface will become the partially biprismatic pattern of the
final stages (adult) of wear (see Fig. 5D). M3's of _Dikkomys_ and
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