To sum up: the idea of organic evolution, older than Aristotle, slowly developed from the stage of suggestion to the stage of verification, and the first convincing verification was Darwin's; from being an _a priori_ anticipation it has become an interpretation of nature, and Darwin is still the chief interpreter; from being a modal interpretation it has advanced to the rank of a causal theory, the most convincing part of which men will never cease to call Darwinism. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 1: _Columbia University Biological Series_, Vol. I. New York and London, 1894. We must acknowledge our great indebtedness to this fine piece of work.] [Footnote 2: _op. cit._ p. 41.] [Footnote 3: See G. J. Romanes, "Aristotle as a Naturalist," _Contemporary Review_, Vol. lix. p. 275, 1891; G. Pouchet, _La Biologie Aristotélique_, Paris, 1885; E. Zeller, _A History of Greek Philosophy_, London, 1881, and "Ueber die griechischen Vorgänger Darwin's," _Abhandl. Berlin Akad._ 1878, pp. 111-124.] [Footnote 4: _op. cit._ p. 81.] [Footnote 5: _op. cit._ p. 87.] [Footnote 6: See Brock, "Die Stellung Kant's zur Deszendenztheorie," _Biol. Centralbl._ viii. 1889, pp. 641-648. Fritz Schultze, _Kant und Darwin_, Jena, 1875.] [Footnote 7: Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace writes: "We claim for Darwin that he is the Newton of natural history, and that, just so surely as that the discovery and demonstration by Newton of the law of gravitation established order in place of chaos and laid a sure foundation for all future study of the starry heavens, so surely has Darwin, by his discovery of the law of natural selection and his demonstration of the great principle of the preservation of useful variations in the struggle for life, not only thrown a flood of light on the process of development of the whole organic world, but also established a firm foundation for all future study of nature" (_Darwinism_, London, 1889, p. 9). See also Prof. Karl Pearson's _Grammar of Science_ (2nd edit.), London, 1900, p. 32. See Osborn, _op. cit._ p. 100.] [Footnote 8: _Experimental Evolution_. London, 1892. Chap. I. p. 14.] [Footnote 9: See J. Arthur Thomson, _The Science of Life_. London, 1899, Chap. XVI. "Evolution of Evolution Theory."] [Footnote 10: See Carus Sterne (Ernst Krause), _Die allgemeine Weltanschauung in ihrer historischen Entwickelung_. Stuttgart, 1889. Chapter entitled "Beständigkeit oder Veränderlichkeit der Naturwesen."] [Footnote 11: _Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life_, 2 vols. London, 1794; Osborn, _op. cit._ p. 145.] [Footnote 12: See Alpheus S. Packard, _Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and Work, with Translations of his writings on Organic Evolution_. London, 1901.] [Footnote 13: See Edward Clodd, _Pioneers of Evolution_, London, p. 161, 1897.] [Footnote 14: See Chapter ix. "The Genetic View of Nature" in J. T. Merz's _History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century_, Vol. 2, Edinburgh and London, 1903.]