All the five hundred muscles of the human body correspond with the muscles of other mammals. Even the brain, wherein man differs most from the lower animals, has the same chief fissures and folds in both man and the animal nearest man, the orang-outang. Man and the other animals have the same five senses and the same sense organs. They in common have the same basic emotions, such as surprise, jealousy, pride, hatred, shame, anger, grief, affection, and a sense of the ludicrous. Bucks says, “So is man’s so-called human mind rooted in the senses and the instincts of all his ancestral species; and not only so, but these senses and instincts still live in him, making up, indeed, far the larger part of his current everyday life; while his higher psychical life is merely the outgrowth and flower of them.” The old formula was: “Man is governed by reason; brutes by instinct.” But science has proved that lower animals are not guided altogether by instinct, that many of their actions are the results of mental activities remarkably similar to reasoning. On the other hand man himself has instinct--and well for him that he has, for his reason, as yet, is only partially developed. If we will but subtract from the sum of man’s actions, not only those prompted by instinct, but those also that result from habit, custom, prejudice, and the emotions of anger, revenge, vanity, and other elemental passions, we will not feel like crying from the housetops that “man is governed by reason.” Man and the lower animals have similar diseases. He is liable to contract from, or communicate to them, such diseases as glanders, hydrophobia, cholera, tuberculosis. Drugs, tobacco and alcohol have the same effects on animals as on us. Of course the dog, the ape, the horse and man do not perfectly agree in their corresponding parts and in their natures--if they did they would belong to the same species--but their similarities are so remarkable that they have a profound meaning for the thoughtful, however meaningless they may be to the thoughtless and the prejudiced. In embryonic development are found evidences not only of man’s close relationship with all animals but of the long, long route he and they have travelled in their common descent from the simpler forms of life. Darwin says that the whole process of reproduction, from the first act of courtship by the male to the birth and nurturing of the young, is very much the same in all mammals.