The wide development of the æsthetic sense in Japan--Japanese æsthetic development is unbalanced--The sense of smell--Painting--Japanese art pays slight attention to the human form--Sociological interpretation--The nude in Japanese art--Relation to the social order--Art and immorality--Caricature--Fondness for the abnormal in nature--Abnormal stones--Tosa cocks--Æsthetics of speech--The æsthetic sense and the use of personal pronouns--Deficiency of the æsthetic development in regard to speech--Sociological explanations--Close relation of æsthetics and conduct--Sociological explanation for the wide development of the æsthetic sense--The classes lived in close proximity--The spirit of dependence and imitation--Universality of culture more apparent than real--Defects of æsthetic taste--Defective etiquette--How accounted for--Old and new conditions--"Western taste debasing Japanese art"--Illustration of aboriginal æsthetic defects--Colored photographs--Æsthetic defects of popular shrines--The æsthetics of music--Experience of the Hawaiian people--Literary æsthetic development--Aston quoted--Architectural æsthetic development--Æsthetic development is sociological rather than biological, 170 XVI. MEMORY--IMITATION Psychological unity of the East and the West--Brain size and social evolution--The size of the Japanese brain--Memory--Learning Chinese characters--Social selection and mnemonic power--Japanese memory in daily life--Memory of uncivilized and semi-civilized peoples--Hindu memory--Max Müller quoted--Japanese acquisition of foreign languages--The argument from language for the social as against the biological distinction of races--The faculty of imitation; is not to be despised--Prof. Chamberlain's over-emphasis of Japanese imitation--Originality in adopting Confucianism and Buddhism--"Shinshu"--"Nichirenshu"--Adoption of Chinese philosophy--Dr. Knox's over-emphasis of servile adoption--Our ignorance of Japanese history of thought--A reason for Occidental misunderstanding--The incubus of governmental initiative--Relation of imitation to the social order, 189 XVII. ORIGINALITY--INVENTIVENESS Originality in art--Authoritative suppression of originality--Townsend Harris quoted--Suppression of Christianity and of heterodox Confucianism--Modern suppression of historical research--Yet Japan is not wholly lacking in originality--Recent discoveries and inventions--Originality in borrowing from the West--Quotations from a native paper, 203 XVIII. INDIRECTNESS--"NOMINALITY" "Roundaboutness"--Some advantages of this characteristic--Illustrations--Study of English for direct and accurate habits of thought--Rapid modern growth of directness--"Nominality"--All Japanese history an illustration--The Imperial rule only nominal--The daimyo as a figure-head--"Nominality" in ordinary life--In family relations--Illustrations in Christian work--A "nominal" express train--"Nominality" and the social order, 210 XIX. INTELLECTUALITY