The social position of woman--Valuation of the individual--Confucian and Buddhistic teaching in regard to concubinage and polygamy--Sociological interpretation--Japan not exceptional--Actual morality of Old Japan--Modern growth of immorality--Note on the "Social Evil"--No ancient teaching in regard to masculine chastity--Mr. Hearn's mistaken contention--Filial obedience and prostitution--How could the social order produce two different moral ideals?--The new Civil Code on marriage--Divorce--Statistics--Modern advance of woman--Significance of the Imperial Silver Wedding--The Wedding of the Prince Imperial--Relation of Buddhism and Confucianism to moral ideals and practice--The new spirit of Buddhism--Christian influence on Shinto; Tenri Kyo--The ancient moralists confined their attention to the rulers--The Imperial Edict in regard to Moral Education, 258 XXIV. MORAL PRACTICE The publicity of Japanese life--Public bathing--Personal experience at a hot-spring--Mr. Hearn on privacy--Individualism and variation from the moral standard--Standards advancing--Revenge--Modern liberty of travel--Increase of wealth--Increasing luxury and vice--Increase of concubinage--Native discussions--Statistics--Business honesty--A native paper quoted--Some experiences with Christians--Testimony of a Japanese consul--Difference of gifts to Buddhist and to Christian institutions--Christian condemnation of Doshisha mismanagement--Misappropriation of trust funds in the West--Business honesty and the social order--Fitness of Christianity to the new social order--A summary--Communal virtues--Individual Vices--The authority of the moral ideal--Moral characteristics are not inherent, but social, in nature, 273 XXV. ARE THE JAPANESE RELIGIOUS? Prof. Pfleiderer's view--Percival Lowell's definition of religion--Japanese appearance of irreligion due to many facts--Skeptical attitude of Confucius towards the gods--Ready acceptance of Western agnosticism--Prof. Chamberlain's assertion that the Japanese take their religion lightly--Statements concerning religion by Messrs. Fukuzawa, Kato, and Ito--Statements of Japanese irreligion are not to be lightly accepted--Incompetence of many critics--We must study all the religious phenomena--Pilgrimages--Statistics--Mr. Lowell's criticism of "peripatetic picnic parties"--Is religion necessarily gloomy?--God and Buddha shelves universal in Japan--Temples and shrines--Statistics, 286 XXVI. SOME RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA