"Where can our many domestic breeds of dogs be found in a wild state? Where are our bulldogs, greyhounds, spaniels, and lapdogs, breeds presenting differences which, in wild animals, would be certainly called specific? These are all descended from an animal nearly allied to the wolf, if not from the wolf itself. Such an animal was domesticated by early man, taken at successive intervals into widely different climates, trained to different habits, carried by man in his migrations as a precious capital into the most distant countries, and crossed from time to time with other breeds which had been developed in similar ways. Hence our present multiform breeds."[283] Here, also, it is impossible to forget Buffon's passages on the dog, given pp. 121, 122. See also p. 223. "Observe the gradations which are found between the _ranunculus aquatilis_ and the _ranunculus hederaceus_: the latter--a land plant--resembles those parts of the former which grow above the surface of the water, but not those that grow beneath it.[284] "The modifications of animals arise more slowly than those of plants; they are therefore less easily watched, and less easily assignable to their true causes, but they arise none the less surely. As regards these causes, the most potent is diversity of the surroundings in which they exist, but there are also many others.[285] "The climate of the same place changes, and the place itself changes with changed climate and exposure, but so slowly that we imagine all lands to be stable in their conditions. This, however, is not true; climatic and other changes induce corresponding changes in environment and habit, and these modify the structure of the living forms which are subjected to them. Indeed, we see intermediate forms and species corresponding to intermediate conditions. "To the above causes must be ascribed the infinite variety of existing forms, independently of any tendency towards progressive development."[286] The reader has now before him a fair sample of "the well-known doctrine of inherited habit as advanced by Lamarck."[287] In what way, let me ask in passing, does "the case of neuter insects" prove "demonstrative" against it, unless it is held equally demonstrative against Mr. Darwin's own position? Lamarck continues:-- "The character of any habitable quarter of the globe is _qua_ man constant: the constancy of type in species is therefore also _qua_ man persistent. But this is an illusion. We establish, therefore, the three following propositions:-- "1. That every considerable and sustained change in the surroundings of any animal involves a real change in its needs. "2. That such change of needs involves the necessity of changed action in order to satisfy these needs, and, in consequence, of new habits.[288]