I am also greatly indebted to Mr. Garnett, of the British Museum, for having called my attention to many works and passages of which otherwise I should have known nothing. _March 31, 1879._ CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Statement of the Question--Current Opinion adverse to Teleology 1 CHAPTER II. The Teleology of Paley and the Theologians 12 CHAPTER III. Impotence of Paley's Conclusion--The Teleology of the Evolutionist 24 CHAPTER IV. Failure of the First Evolutionists to see their Position as Teleological 34 CHAPTER V. The Teleological Evolution of Organism--The Philosophy of the Unconscious 43 CHAPTER VI. Scheme of the Remainder of the Work--Historical Sketch of the Theory of Evolution 60 CHAPTER VII. Pre-Buffonian Evolution, and some German Writers 68 CHAPTER VIII. Buffon--Memoir 74 CHAPTER IX. Buffon's Method--The Ironical Character of his Work 78 CHAPTER X. Supposed Fluctuations of Opinion--Causes or Means of the Transformation of Species 97 CHAPTER XI. Buffon--Puller Quotations 107 CHAPTER XII. Sketch of Dr. Erasmus Darwin's Life 173 CHAPTER XIII. Philosophy of Dr. Erasmus Darwin 195 CHAPTER XIV. Fuller Quotations from the 'Zoonomia' 214 CHAPTER XV. Memoir of Lamarck 235 CHAPTER XVI. General Misconception concerning Lamarck--His Philosophical Position 244 CHAPTER XVII. Summary of the 'Philosophie Zoologique' 261 CHAPTER XVIII. Mr. Patrick Matthew, MM. Etienne and Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and Mr. Herbert Spencer 315 CHAPTER XIX. Main Points of Agreement and of Difference between the Old and New Theories of Evolution 335 CHAPTER XX. Natural Selection considered as a Means of Modification--The Confusion which this Expression occasions 345 CHAPTER XXI. Mr. Darwin's Defence of the Expression, Natural Selection--Professor Mivart and Natural Selection 362 CHAPTER XXII. The Case of the Madeira Beetles as illustrating the Difference between the Evolution of Lamarck and of Mr. Charles Darwin--Conclusion 373 APPENDIX 385 INDEX 409 EVOLUTION, OLD AND NEW CHAPTER I.