Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber’s Note: Italic text is enclosed in _underscores_, boldface in =equals signs=. EVOLUTION SOCIAL AND ORGANIC BY ARTHUR M. LEWIS THIRD EDITION CHICAGO CHARLES H. KERR & COMPANY 1908 CONTENTS Page I THALES TO LINNAEUS 7 II LINNAEUS TO LAMARCK 24 III DARWIN’S “NATURAL SELECTION” 38 IV WEISMANN’S THEORY OF HEREDITY 60 V DE VRIES’ “MUTATION” 81 VI KROPOTKIN’S “MUTUAL AID” 97 VII A REPLY TO HAECKEL 115 VIII SPENCER’S “SOCIAL ORGANISM” 133 IX SPENCER’S INDIVIDUALISM 149 X CIVILIZATION--WARD AND DIETZGEN 168 PREFACE. The contents of this volume consist of the first ten lectures of the thirty-five in the Winter course of 1907–08. They were delivered in the Garrick Theater, Chicago, on Sunday mornings to crowded houses. On several occasions half as many people were turned away as managed to get in. If these lectures meet with as warm a reception when read as they did when heard, I shall be more than satisfied. For a fuller discussion of the Greek period, briefly dealt with in the first lecture, see Edward Clodd’s “Pioneers of Evolution” to which work the early part of this lecture is greatly indebted. Every lecture proceeds on the assumption, that a knowledge of the natural sciences, and especially the great revolutionizing generalizations which they have revealed, is indispensable to a modern education. This position is by no means new. It pervades the classic literature of Socialism throughout. Liebknecht, speaking of Marx and himself says: “Soon we were on the field of Natural Science, and Marx ridiculed the victorious reaction in Europe that fancied it had smothered the revolution and did not suspect that Natural Science was preparing a new revolution.” The only thing I have succeeded in doing which is at all new, is presenting these so-called heavy subjects in a way that attracts and retains a large and enthusiastic audience Sunday after Sunday eight months of the year. These lectures, nothwithstanding their phenomenal success, have aroused some opposition, in certain quarters among Socialists. This opposition arises almost wholly from the fact that the Socialists in question have yet to learn what their own standard literature contains. When they make that discovery they will be obliged to do one of two things, reject the Socialist philosophy or cease opposing its public presentation.