F. J. Turner's _The Rise of the New West_ (1906) is the best brief account of social and economic conditions in the United States just prior to 1830. J. B. McMaster's _History of the United States_, vol. _IV_, chap. _XXXIII_, and vol. _V_, chap. _XLV_; T. H. Clay's _Henry Clay_, in _American Crises_ biographies, Theodore Roosevelt's _Life of Thomas H. Benton_, in _American Statesmen_ series, and Bassett's _Life of Andrew Jackson_, already cited, give the principal facts about their subjects. T. Flint's _History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley_ (1832); J. Hall's _Letters from the West_ (1828) and _Statistics of the West_ (1836); early numbers of the _American Almanacs_; Peter Cartwright's _The Backwoods Preacher_ (1860); Alfred Brunson's _A Western Pioneer_ (1858); and the various denominational histories supply the needful social background for an understanding of the West. Margaret Bayard Smith's _The First Forty Years of Washington Society_ (edited by Gaillard Hunt, 1906) and K. W. Colgrove's _Attitude of Congress toward the Pioneers of the West_, in _Iowa Journal of History and Politics_ (1910), give good reports of Eastern opinion of the West. And _American State Papers_, on _Public Lands_ and _Indian Affairs_, are excellent for treatment of land and Indian problems. CHAPTER III THE EAST When the West under the guidance and tutelage of Jackson, Calhoun, and Benton took possession of the national administration in 1829, the older and more cultured elements and classes of the East trembled for their country and for the institutions they held dear. The day was dark to John Quincy Adams and his followers, not only because they had been deprived of power, but because the rural sections of the East, the towns and villages which had been active and prosperous from 1783 to 1807, showed almost as many signs of stagnation and premature decay as did the Old Dominion, where public men were in a state of alarm and dismay. For fifteen years the highways of New York and Pennsylvania had borne their burden of New England emigrants, laden with their meager belongings, as they journeyed westward to the Mohawk country, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and other rising communities of the West. Between 1820 and 1830 the population of New England as a whole increased but slightly, while in many counties of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut there was an actual decline. Ambitious young men or discouraged heads of families moved northeastward to the freer lands of Maine or to the Far West, without seeming love for the older haunts or thought for the fortunes of the Commonwealths which had given them birth. And New York, whose population increased from 1,400,000 in 1820 to 2,400,000 in 1840, drew heavily upon her eastern neighbors; Pennsylvania, of more steady habits, drew less from New England than her immediate neighbors, though