Experiments and Observations Relative to the Influence Lately Discovered by M. Galvani and Commonly Called Animal Electricity — John Shaqi
Experiments and Observations Relative to the Influence Lately Discovered by M. Galvani and Commonly Called Animal ElectricityFowler, Richard
Science
Experiments and Observations Relative to the Influence Lately Discovered by M. Galvani and Commonly Called Animal Electricity
Fowler, Richard
Electrophysiology -- Early works to 1800; Galvani, Luigi, 1737-1798
The head of a frog having been separated from its body, the latter was
laid upon a plate of zinc, held by a person sitting in an insulated
chair, which communicated with the prime conductor of an electrical
machine. The machine was put in action, and both the person and the
frog were electrified positively. In these circumstances, no sparks
could be drawn from the frog, by the person holding it: nor could any
other electrical appearance take place between them. But, when a piece
of silver was passed over different parts of the frog, and, at the same
time, brought into contact with the zinc plate, contractions were
uniformly excited, differing not in the least, either in strength or
frequency, from those which are excited when no artificial electricity
is present. The result was precisely the same, when the frog and the
person holding it were negatively electrified. This experiment was
often repeated. The following experiment was made, in order to see if
the effect produced upon a frog, by the passage of artificial
electricity from any part of its body, would be increased by employing
two different metals as conductors.
A frog was laid, successively, upon a number of different metals,
insulated upon glass, and positively electrified by communicating with
the prime conductor of an electrical machine. The contractions produced
in the frog, thus disposed, by drawing sparks from it, with metals
different from those on which it was placed, were not in the least
stronger, than those occasioned by drawing similar sparks from it, with
conductors of the same metal.
In establishing a communication between two opposite electricities, as,
for example, between the two sides of a charged phial, it is matter of
indifference to which the conductor is first applied. But it is by no
means so, in the case of muscles and armed nerves. For, if one branch
of a conductor be applied to the tin-foil arming a nerve, before the
other branch has been applied to the muscles, it frequently fails to
excite contractions. If first applied to the muscles, this is very
seldom the case.
As for the intervals of rest which alternate with the contractions, and
which the Dr considers as employed by the nerves, in restoring the
breach of equilibrium between the internal surfaces of muscles, and
their external; these may possibly admit of a different explanation.
We find them alternating with contractions however excited. It is
difficult to conceive, that violent contractions should not derange in
some degree, however slight, the intimate organization of muscular
fibres: and some time must necessarily elapse before their elasticity
can have restored the organized particles, of which they are composed,
to that relative situation with respect to each other, which will fit
them for again contracting.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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