The classification used in the present investigation is essentially
the detailed formulation of a preliminary classification published
in a previous paper.[6] It was developed in 1923, from a study of
photographs of several thousand nebulae, including practically all
the brighter objects and a thoroughly representative collection of
the fainter ones.[7] It is based primarily on the structural forms of
photographic images, although the forms divide themselves naturally
into two groups: those found in or near the Milky Way and those in
moderate or high galactic latitudes. In so far as possible, the system
is independent of the orientation of the objects in space. With minor
changes in the original notation, the complete classification is as
follows, although only the extra-galactic division is here discussed in
detail:
CLASSIFICATION OF NEBULAE
I. Galactic nebulae: Symbol Example
A. Planetaries P N.G.C. 7662
B. Diffuse D
1. Predominantly luminous DL N.G.C. 6618
2. Predominantly obscure DO Barnard 92
3. Conspicuously mixed DLO N.G.C. 7023
II. Extra-galactic nebulae:
A. Regular:
/ N.G.C. 3379 E0
1. Elliptical En / 221 E2
(n = 1, 2, ..., 7 indicates the \ 4621 E5
ellipticity of the image \ 2117 E7
without the decimal point)
2. Spirals:
a) Normal spirals S
(1) Early Sa N.G.C. 4594
(2) Intermediate Sb 2841
(3) Late Sc 5457
b) Barred spirals SB
(1) Early SBa N.G.C. 2859
(2) Intermediate SBb 3351
(3) Late SBc 7479
B. Irregular Irr N.G.C. 4449
Extra-galactic nebulae too faint to be classified are designated
by the symbol “Q.”
REGULAR NEBULAE
The characteristic feature of extra-galactic nebulae is rotational
symmetry about dominating non-stellar nuclei. About 97 per cent of
these nebulae are regular in the sense that they show this feature
conspicuously. The regular nebulae fall into a progressive sequence
ranging from globular masses of unresolved nebulosity to widely open
spirals whose arms are swarming with stars. The sequence comprises two
sections, elliptical nebulae and spirals, which merge into each other.
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