When employing forceps of the straight pattern shown in fig. 30, the operator should stand as shown in fig. 26, but it will be found difficult to place the fingers of the left hand on either side of the alveolus, indeed they can only well be used for retracting the cheek and supporting the jaw. In removing teeth from the lower jaw, the operator should be careful, in raising the tooth from the socket, to guard against a sudden separation of the tooth from its attachments which might result in damage to the upper teeth. [Illustration: FIG. 27.] (_a_) =Lower Incisors.=--These teeth each have a single root which is much flattened laterally. For their removal, forceps similar to those shown in fig. 27 should be used, the blades being equal segments of the same circle. The lingual blade should be applied first, the loosening movement being made by taking the tooth slightly inwards and then outwards, the final extractive force being upwards and outwards. The removal of lower incisor roots is carried out in a similar manner. (_b_) =Lower Canines.=--The lower canines have normally one root, which is flattened laterally. In comparison with the incisors, the root is stronger and longer. The removal of a lower canine is carried out in a manner similar to that employed for a lower incisor, but as the tooth presents more resistance, a greater amount of force is usually required. (_c_) =Lower Bicuspids.=--The lower bicuspids have normally one root which is conical in shape. In the first bicuspid the conical shape of the root is not so marked as in the second, the outer aspect being the arc of rather a larger circle than the posterior. Forceps similar to those shown in fig. 27 may be used, the blades for all practical purposes being equal in size and shape. The lingual blade of the instrument should be applied first, the severing of the tooth from its attachments being carried out by a slight rotary movement around the long axis of the tooth first in one direction and then in the other; should this not succeed, a slight inward followed by an outward movement may be tried, the tooth being raised from its socket by force applied in an upward and slightly outward direction. The roots of lower bicuspids are to be removed in a manner similar to that required for the extraction of a whole tooth. When the root lies much below the level of the gum the extraction is often troublesome owing to the difficulty in gaining a hold with the blades of the forceps; in such cases, if an attempt with forceps has failed, the straight elevator may be employed. [Illustration: FIG. 28.]