(_g_) =Breaking one tooth in extracting another.=--In the extraction of lower teeth with hawk’s-bill forceps the upper teeth may be fractured. This accident is most likely to occur to the inexperienced, and arises from the tooth leaving its socket suddenly, due frequently to the extracting force being used in an upward rather than an outward direction. It may, however, occur when a lower tooth has been more than normally resistant. In all such cases it is well for the operator to be on guard by keeping the thumb or a finger of the left hand over the joint of the forceps. Also in using the elevator an adjacent tooth may be fractured. (2) DIFFICULTIES, COMPLICATIONS AND SEQUELÆ CONNECTED WITH THE JAWS. (_a_) =Fracture.=--The fracture and removal of a small piece of the alveolus is not an unfrequent accident which is fortunately by no means serious. It is sometimes unavoidable but at other times is due to getting the blades of the forceps on the outer sides of the alveolus instead of between the bone and the root of the tooth. Extensive fracture is sometimes seen, for instance in a case that came under my notice at the Dental Hospital of London an unqualified person in removing the first lower right permanent molar fractured the bone in a horizontal direction so that the second and first bicuspids with the canine were completely separated from the body of the bone. Mr. Salter[5] gives an account of an extensive fracture of the jaw which occurred in a lady æt. 35. The fracture occurred in connection with the removal of the superior central incisors. The right central incisor required some force for its removal, and when it came away the whole of the front of the alveolus was firmly attached to the root. In removing the left central incisor considerable force was required during the exertion of which the bone was fractured. On examination of the parts the mass of bone corresponding to the intermaxillary bone was found to be merely held in place by the soft tissues. “A vertical fracture extended from the side of the canine up to the root of the nose, then nearly horizontally across to the opposite side, being connected there with another vertical fracture. The lesion passed completely through the jaw from before backwards, and there was a wound in the palate three quarters of an inch from the alveolar border, through which was considerable hæmorrhage.” A still more severe example of fracture during extraction of teeth is recorded by Mr. Cattlin,[6] where in an attempt to remove a third upper molar with an elevator the tuberosity of the maxilla, a portion of the floor of the antrum and part of the sphenoid were fractured.