(1)=UPPER TEETH.=--For the removal of teeth in the maxilla the patient should be placed at such a level that the arm of the operator can, if necessary, embrace the head of the patient with comfort. The operator should stand at the right side of the patient, and slightly in front, the first finger and thumb being placed on either side of the alveolus (fig. 16). In the event of the patient becoming restless, the arm should be shifted so as to encircle the head and hold it firmly. (_a_) =Upper Incisors.=--The roots of both the upper central and lateral incisors are usually cone shaped, the anterior surface being the arc of a greater circle than that of the posterior. Forceps for the removal of these teeth ought therefore to have the blades made in a corresponding manner (see fig. 17). The lateral incisor is smaller than the central, and has at times a root somewhat flattened. In removing upper incisors the posterior blade is applied first, care being taken to [Illustration: FIG. 16.] see that the edge of the instrument passes between the gum and the tooth. To dislodge these teeth a firm inward movement should be made in a direction towards the palate, this movement being followed by one in an outward direction. If this fails to dislodge the tooth from its attachments, a firm rotary motion, first to the right and then to the left, may be tried (the amount of rotation necessary being only about an eighth of the circle represented by the circumference of the root). Rotation is generally recommended in the first instance for the extraction of these teeth, but the inward movement is, I think, best, the teeth yielding more readily and with less laceration of the soft tissues. The extraction of the roots of these teeth does not as a rule present much difficulty. When moderately sound the instrument shown in fig. 17 may be used, but in those instances where the root is much decayed, and lies well below the gum margin, a rather finer pair will be found more serviceable. The manner of removal is similar to that used when the crown is standing. [Illustration: FIG. 17.] (_b_) =Upper Canines.=--These teeth, like the incisors, are single rooted, but the difference between the curve of the anterior and posterior surfaces is greater. The roots too are much longer, more firmly implanted, and hence require more force in their removal. Forceps similar in pattern to those used for incisors may be used, the severance of the tooth from its attachments being brought about by force applied in an inward, followed by an outward, direction. The root being more or less three sided, rotation cannot well be adopted. The roots of canine teeth are to be removed in the same manner as that adopted for the whole tooth.