I. ENUNCIATIO Bells. II. PREDICABILE Crayfish. III. PREDICAMENTUM Fish. IV. SILLOGISMUS Acorns. V. LOCUS DIALECTICUS Scorpions. VI. FALLACIA Turbans. VII. SUPPOSITIO Hearts. VIII. AMPLIATIO Grasshoppers. IX. RESTRICTIO Suns. X. APPELLATIO Stars. XI. DISTRIBUTIO Pigeons. XII. EXPOSITIO Crescents. XIII. EXCLUSIO Cats, or Tigers. XIV. EXCEPTIO Shields of Arms. XV. REDUPLICATIO Crowns. XVI. DESCENSUS Serpents. "Such is the whimsicality of those signs, and such the oddity of their relation to the things signified, that the learned Singer has been deterred from the attempt to make them known; at any rate, he declares that he will not undertake to explain that which even the most profound logicians of the day might not be able to comprehend. This is easily said, but we see no impossibility in explaining how the author understood himself. One example will be sufficient to give an idea of Murner's figured language, and of the parts which might be played by serpents, cats, acorns, and crayfish in the chair of Aristotle when its occupant was a friar of the sixteenth century. "The figure of a man with a crown on his head, a patch over one of his eyes, a book in one hand, and a trowel in the other, relates to section, or "Tractatus," X, APPELLATIO. It displays three symbols, the object of which is intelligence or definition: 1, the logical appellation; 2, relative terms or ideas which have become connected in the mind; 3, privative terms, expressive of privation or exclusion. The open book, [which appears shut] is the symbol of the definition; the trowel indicates connexion; and the patch over the eye signifies privation. The star, which occupies the place of the mark of the suit, and casts its light on all the other three symbols, signifies that clearness is the first merit in every definition." The cut here given is a fac-simile of that referred to. [Illustration] Rogers, availing himself of the poetic license, though but to a small extent, has represented the followers of Columbus as playing at cards in his first voyage of discovery, to the West Indies, in 1492. "At daybreak might the caravels be seen, Chasing their shadows o'er the deep serene; Their burnish'd prows lash'd by the sparkling tide, Their green-cross standards waving far and wide. And now once more to better thoughts inclined, The seaman, mounting, clamour'd in the wind. The soldier told his tales of love and war; The courtier sung--sung to his gay guitar. Round, at Primero, sate a whiskered band; So Fortune smiled, careless of sea or land."[122]