[Illustration] FAIRS, PAST AND PRESENT. [Illustration] FAIRS, PAST AND PRESENT: A CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF COMMERCE. BY CORNELIUS WALFORD, F.I.A., F.S.S., _Barrister-at-Law, and Vice-President of Royal Historical Society_. [Illustration] LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1883. [Illustration] PREFACE. It seems a little remarkable that an institution at once so popular and so universal as fairs should not heretofore have found an historian. The fact may perhaps be accounted for in the circumstance that fairs, as now regarded, are associated with notions of frivolity. Many of the circumstances connected with their origin are certainly not generally known. They were the product of a blending of Religion with Commerce, suited to the genius of former ages, but finding little sympathy now. They have been associated with the development of commerce in the nations of Europe—perhaps in the nations of the world. The materials for such a history are reasonably abundant upon diligent search. They do not lie upon the surface. Prolonged investigation revealed so much, that for the purpose of this work some selection became necessary. I had to consider whether it would be more instructive to present the incomplete outline of a number of fairs ranging throughout the world, or to select some of the principal ones at home and abroad, past and present, and trace minutely their origin, their development, and their decadence. I determined upon the latter course; and this, too, notwithstanding that Mr. Henry Morley had already traced in much detail one of the great fairs whose records it would become necessary for me to traverse. I was chiefly led to the decision stated from the fact that the greatest fair ever held in this country, and held for many centuries—that of _Sturbridge_, by Cambridge—had hitherto found no historian; yet many of its annals are on record in a form of undoubted authenticity. It seemed to me that it would be more instructive to follow such a history through its successive phases than to present a series of minor sketches, however varied the details should be. I trust it may be felt that I have selected the right course. The other materials brought together are not lost; they are only held over, and will receive the benefit of some additions and corrections. They can be had when called for, and they will reveal much that is new, even after this work shall have been read.