Thus far, we have made as complete a review as possible of the factors
instrumental in Gluck's development, and shall dwell briefly on the
following years, in which he was obliged to reconcile the suggestions
received in foreign countries before they brought about a proper
revolution in his methods. Gluck proved effectually the truth of the word
"chi va piano, va sano," for though the oratorios of Handel with their
wonderful choruses filled with dramatic fire exerted a powerful influence
over him, there was need of a lengthy process of assimilation before his
own choruses could shape themselves after these models.
From London Gluck went to Hamburg, where the conductor Mingotti had
arrived with an Italian troupe. He does not appear to have contemplated
taking an active part,[4] for in the summer of the same year (1747)
we find him in Dresden, where Mingotti's troupe had in the meantime
arrived, presenting with them his opera "Le Nozze d' Ercole e d' Ebe"
(The Wedding of Hercules and Hebe) in celebration of the union of the
Princess Anna and the Electoral Prince of Bavaria. The fact that this
opera was presented in the palace theatre at Pillnitz, near Dresden,
and that court favor was shown the composer, gave rise to the erroneous
statement, repeated by different biographers, that Gluck, at this time,
was appointed Kapellmeister at the Dresden court. Such an appointment
was denied him, if for no other reason than because, at the time, the
celebrated Hasse was undisputed leader there, and Gluck was not a man
to occupy an inferior position. In this opera he seems to have made
no unusual exertion; the composition (which until recently was wholly
unknown, having been discovered but a few years ago by Fürstenau in the
Dresden archives) was quite in the prevalent style of Italian opera,
even though certain features were indicative of the coming reform.
[Illustration: CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD GLUCK.
From an oil portrait by J. S. Duplessis, Paris, 1776, Gluck being then
in his sixty-second year. The painting is now in the Imperial picture
gallery, at Vienna.]
From Dresden Gluck turned, for the second time, to the music-loving
empire city on the Danube (1748). He had left it a scholar, but returned
a master, and as such was recognized and honored in all the circles of
Vienna. He found a zealous patron in the Prince of Hildburghausen, the
favorite of Maria Theresa, through whose intercession he soon obtained
an order for the composition of an opera to be given on the birthday of
the Empress. This opera was the "Semiramide riconosciuta," by Metastasio,
a Viennese court poet then at the height of his fame. It is needless to
say that we look in vain for the least indication of a change in Gluck's
style, as it was in Metastasio's librettos that the type of the older
opera intended almost exclusively for vocalists was most pronounced, and
in setting these to music it was necessary to conform to the prevalent
fashion.
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