Napoleonic Wars' Influence--Great Awakening in Commerce-- Developments of the Arts--Growth of the Sciences--A Nation Noted for Patriotism--National Pride--Conscious Strength-- Political Changes and Their Influence--Great Statesmen of England 141 CHAPTER IX The Great Reform Bill and the Corn Laws Causes of Unrest--Demands of the People--The Struggle for Reform in 1830--The Corn Laws--Free Trade in Great Britain--Cobden the Apostle of Free Trade--Other Promoters of Reform--England's Enlarged Commerce 147 CHAPTER X Turkey the "Sick Man" of Europe The Sultan's Empire in 1800--Revolts in Her Dependencies--Greece Gains Her Freedom--The Sympathy of the Christian World--Russian Threats--The Crimean War and its Heroes--The War of 1877--The Armenian Massacres--The Nations Warn off Russia--War in Crete and Greece in 1897--The Tottering Nation of to-day--The "Sick Man" 156 CHAPTER XI The European Revolution of 1848 Corrupt Courts and Rulers--The Spirit of Liberty Among the People--Bourbonism--Revolutionary Outbreak in France--Spreads to Other Countries--The Struggle in Italy--In Germany--The Revolt in Hungary--The Career of Kossuth the Patriot, Statesman and Orator--His Visit to America--Defeat of the Patriots by Austria and Hungary--General Haynau the Cruel Tyrant--Later History of Hungary 167 CHAPTER XII Louis Napoleon and the Second French Empire The Power of a Great Name--The French People Love the Name Napoleon--Louis Napoleon's Personality--Elected President--The Tricks of His Illustrious Ancestor Imitated--Makes Himself Emperor--The War With Austria--Sends an Army to Mexico--Attempt to Establish an Empire in America--Maximilian Made Emperor in the New World--His Sad Fate--War With Germany--Louis Napoleon Dethroned 178 CHAPTER XIII Garibaldi and the Unification of Italy The Many Little States of Italy--Secret Movements for Union--Mazzini the Revolutionist--Tyranny of Austria and Naples--War in Sardinia--Victor Emanuel and Count Cavour--Garibaldi in Arms--The French in Rome--Fall of the Papal City--Rise of the New Italy--Naval War With Austria 194 CHAPTER XIV Bismarck and the New Empire of Germany